Respiratory Flashcards
Name 2 ways drugs can improve airway ventilation and give examples
Improve airway patency (openness/unobstructed)
- bronchodilators
- anti-inflammatory
Prevent mast cell degranulation (so histamine isn’t released)
- chromoglycate (makes mast cells more stable)
2 bronchodilators and functions
β2 agonist– dilation
Anticholinergic- blocks acetylcholine
2 drugs that impair ventilation
β blockers
- cause bronchoconstriction if bound with β2 receptors
Respiratory depressants
- e.g. Opioids
What type of drugs are used to improve gas exchange and give 2 examples
Respiratory stimulants
- theophyllines
- oxygen
2 systems used for inhaled drugs delivery and examples
- Meter dose inhaler (MDI)
- “puffer”
- comes out at high velocity
- tends to get stuck at back of mouth rather than going down into lungs - Breath activated device
- spinhaler
- turbohaler
2 types of β agonists, examples, and colour of inhaler
Short acting (relievers)
- salbutamol (blue inhaler)
- terbutaline (blue inhaler)
Long acting (preventers) - salmeterol (green inhaler)
Describe short acting β agonists: Onset Duration Administration Function
Quick onset- 2-3 minutes
Lasts: 4-6 hours
Admin- inhaled, oral, IV
Used to TREAT acute bronchial constriction
Describe long acting β agonists: Onset Duration Administration Function
Slow onset: 1-2 hours
Lasts: 12-15 hours
Admin: inhaled
Used to PREVENT acute bronchial constriction
(Always used with inhaled steroid)
What function do anticholinergics have?
Example and colour
Additive effect in bronchial dilation and reduce mucus secretion
Ipratropium
- Grey inhaler
What function do corticosteroids have?
Examples and colours
Decrease inflammation in bronchial walls
Beclometasone (brown)
Budesonide (brown)
Fluticosone (Orange)
Mometasone (pink)
What are compound preparations?
Example and colour
Inhaled steroid with long acting β agonist
- seretide (purple)
3 ways respiratory drugs can be administered
Inhalation (topical- applying straight into lung tissue)
Oral
IV
Name and describe 5 respiratory symptoms
Cough- dry, sputum, blood
Wheeze- expiratory noise (obstruction/ problem in bronchioles)
Stridor- inspiratory noise (obstruction/problem in trachea)
Dyspnoea- laboured breathing
Pain- general/inspiratory
Example of respiratory infection
Pneumonia
Examples of airflow obstruction respiratory diseases
Astha
COPD
Restrictive pulmonary change
What are the 4 main types of respiratory diseases
Infections
Airflow obstruction
Gas exchange failure
Tumours
3 things that can cause gas exchange failure
Reduced surface area
Fibrosis (thickening of connective tissues)
Fluid
3 things that exacerbate airflow obstructions
Infections
Exercise
Cold air
Define asthma
Chronic inflammatory disease of the airways
What is the triad of asthma mechanism?
Airway smooth muscle contraction
Inflammation of mucosa
Increased mucous secretion
4 asthma symptoms
Wheezing
Coughing
Chest tightness
SOB
6 asthma signs
Decrease/changes in lung function Wheezing Increase in respiratory rate Airflow limitation Airway hyper responsiveness Inflammation of bronchi
Investigations of asthma
Measuring FEV1
Stethoscope
Peak flow
4 asthma triggers
Infections
Environmental stimuli (dust, smoke)
Cold air
‘Atopy’ (allergy- hypersensitive reactions to allergens)
5 ways asthma can be managed
β agonists: short and long acting Corticosteroids Anticholinergics Theophyllines Avoiding triggers
How do β agonists help asthma
Relax bronchial smooth muscle
2 side effects of corticosteroids
Adrenal suppression
Osteoporosis
Define chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Chronic, slowly progressive disease of airflow limitation caused by abnormal inflammatory response of lungs to noxious substances
3 causes of copd
Smoking
Environmental
Hereditary
4 symptoms of COPD
SOB
Cough
Chest tightness
Wheezing
2 signs of COPD
Cyanosis (bluish discolouration of skin)
Peripheral oedema
2 investigations if COPD
Spirometry
Chest x Ray
3 ways to manage COPD
Lifestyle changes (stop smoking)
Oxygen support
Pulmonary rehab therapy
What is dental relevance of COPD?
Can’t give patients large amounts of oxygen as they can’t metabolise it
Define emphysema
Destruction of alveoli
What is FEV1
Forced expiratory volume
Define pneumonia
Microbial infection of the lung
What cause pneumonia (aetiology)
Inflammation
Management of pneumonia
Antibiotics
Define respiratory failure
Failure of oxygenation (PaO2 6.7kPa)
What controls ventilation in normal individual
CO2 drive
What controls ventilation with COPD
Hypoxia
How should oxygen be used in both acute and chronic COPD stages
Acute- use oxygen until medical help arrives
Watch respiratory rate and SaO2 (saturation level of oxygen in Hb)
Chronic- use oxygen with dare- fixed percentage delivery
What is CF
Inherited disorder caused by mutation in chromosome 7
This usually results in defect in cell chloride channels
2 ways to diagnose CF
Perinatal testing
‘Sweat test’- measures salt content of sweat (increased salt in CF)
4 mains symptoms of CF
Troublesome cough
Repeated chest infections (pseudomonas)
Prolonged diarrhoea
Poor weight gain
4 ways CF is treated
Physiotherapy
Exercise
Medication
Transplantation
What is the most common type of lung tumour
Squamous cell carcinoma
4 effects of lung tumours
Cough
Haemoptysis (blood stained sputum)
Pneumonia
Metastasis (bone, liver, brain)
