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BAMS > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

Name 2 ways drugs can improve airway ventilation and give examples

A

Improve airway patency (openness/unobstructed)

  • bronchodilators
  • anti-inflammatory

Prevent mast cell degranulation (so histamine isn’t released)
- chromoglycate (makes mast cells more stable)

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2
Q

2 bronchodilators and functions

A

β2 agonist– dilation

Anticholinergic- blocks acetylcholine

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3
Q

2 drugs that impair ventilation

A

β blockers
- cause bronchoconstriction if bound with β2 receptors

Respiratory depressants
- e.g. Opioids

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4
Q

What type of drugs are used to improve gas exchange and give 2 examples

A

Respiratory stimulants

  • theophyllines
  • oxygen
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5
Q

2 systems used for inhaled drugs delivery and examples

A
  1. Meter dose inhaler (MDI)
    - “puffer”
    - comes out at high velocity
    - tends to get stuck at back of mouth rather than going down into lungs
  2. Breath activated device
    - spinhaler
    - turbohaler
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6
Q

2 types of β agonists, examples, and colour of inhaler

A

Short acting (relievers)

  • salbutamol (blue inhaler)
  • terbutaline (blue inhaler)
Long acting (preventers)
- salmeterol (green inhaler)
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7
Q 
Describe short acting β agonists:
Onset
Duration
Administration
Function
A

Quick onset- 2-3 minutes

Lasts: 4-6 hours

Admin- inhaled, oral, IV

Used to TREAT acute bronchial constriction

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8
Q 
Describe long acting β agonists:
Onset
Duration
Administration
Function
A

Slow onset: 1-2 hours

Lasts: 12-15 hours

Admin: inhaled

Used to PREVENT acute bronchial constriction
(Always used with inhaled steroid)

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9
Q

What function do anticholinergics have?

Example and colour

A

Additive effect in bronchial dilation and reduce mucus secretion

Ipratropium
- Grey inhaler

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10
Q

What function do corticosteroids have?

Examples and colours

A

Decrease inflammation in bronchial walls

Beclometasone (brown)
Budesonide (brown)
Fluticosone (Orange)
Mometasone (pink)

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11
Q

What are compound preparations?

Example and colour

A

Inhaled steroid with long acting β agonist

- seretide (purple)

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12
Q

3 ways respiratory drugs can be administered

A

Inhalation (topical- applying straight into lung tissue)
Oral
IV

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13
Q

Name and describe 5 respiratory symptoms

A

Cough- dry, sputum, blood
Wheeze- expiratory noise (obstruction/ problem in bronchioles)
Stridor- inspiratory noise (obstruction/problem in trachea)
Dyspnoea- laboured breathing
Pain- general/inspiratory

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14
Q

Example of respiratory infection

A

Pneumonia

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15
Q

Examples of airflow obstruction respiratory diseases

A

Astha
COPD
Restrictive pulmonary change

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16
Q

What are the 4 main types of respiratory diseases

A

Infections
Airflow obstruction
Gas exchange failure
Tumours

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17
Q

3 things that can cause gas exchange failure

A

Reduced surface area
Fibrosis (thickening of connective tissues)
Fluid

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18
Q

3 things that exacerbate airflow obstructions

A

Infections
Exercise
Cold air

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19
Q

Define asthma

A

Chronic inflammatory disease of the airways

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20
Q

What is the triad of asthma mechanism?

A

Airway smooth muscle contraction
Inflammation of mucosa
Increased mucous secretion

21
Q

4 asthma symptoms

A

Wheezing
Coughing
Chest tightness
SOB

22
Q

6 asthma signs

A 
Decrease/changes in lung function
Wheezing
Increase in respiratory rate
Airflow limitation
Airway hyper responsiveness 
Inflammation of bronchi
23
Q

Investigations of asthma

A

Measuring FEV1
Stethoscope
Peak flow

24
Q

4 asthma triggers

A

Infections
Environmental stimuli (dust, smoke)
Cold air
‘Atopy’ (allergy- hypersensitive reactions to allergens)

25
Q

5 ways asthma can be managed

A 
β agonists: short and long acting
Corticosteroids
Anticholinergics
Theophyllines 
Avoiding triggers
26
Q

How do β agonists help asthma

A

Relax bronchial smooth muscle

27
Q

2 side effects of corticosteroids

A

Adrenal suppression

Osteoporosis

28
Q

Define chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

A

Chronic, slowly progressive disease of airflow limitation caused by abnormal inflammatory response of lungs to noxious substances

29
Q

3 causes of copd

A

Smoking
Environmental
Hereditary

30
Q

4 symptoms of COPD

A

SOB
Cough
Chest tightness
Wheezing

31
Q

2 signs of COPD

A

Cyanosis (bluish discolouration of skin)

Peripheral oedema

32
Q

2 investigations if COPD

A

Spirometry

Chest x Ray

33
Q

3 ways to manage COPD

A

Lifestyle changes (stop smoking)
Oxygen support
Pulmonary rehab therapy

34
Q

What is dental relevance of COPD?

A

Can’t give patients large amounts of oxygen as they can’t metabolise it

35
Q

Define emphysema

A

Destruction of alveoli

36
Q

What is FEV1

A

Forced expiratory volume

37
Q

Define pneumonia

A

Microbial infection of the lung

38
Q

What cause pneumonia (aetiology)

A

Inflammation

39
Q

Management of pneumonia

A

Antibiotics

40
Q

Define respiratory failure

A

Failure of oxygenation (PaO2 6.7kPa)

41
Q

What controls ventilation in normal individual

A

CO2 drive

42
Q

What controls ventilation with COPD

A

Hypoxia

43
Q

How should oxygen be used in both acute and chronic COPD stages

A

Acute- use oxygen until medical help arrives
Watch respiratory rate and SaO2 (saturation level of oxygen in Hb)

Chronic- use oxygen with dare- fixed percentage delivery

44
Q

What is CF

A

Inherited disorder caused by mutation in chromosome 7

This usually results in defect in cell chloride channels

45
Q

2 ways to diagnose CF

A

Perinatal testing

‘Sweat test’- measures salt content of sweat (increased salt in CF)

46
Q

4 mains symptoms of CF

A

Troublesome cough
Repeated chest infections (pseudomonas)
Prolonged diarrhoea
Poor weight gain

47
Q

4 ways CF is treated

A

Physiotherapy
Exercise
Medication
Transplantation

48
Q

What is the most common type of lung tumour

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

49
Q

4 effects of lung tumours

A

Cough
Haemoptysis (blood stained sputum)
Pneumonia
Metastasis (bone, liver, brain)

BAMS (9 decks)

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