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Respiratory Flashcards

0
Q

Which muscles are used for increased effort inspiration.

A

Diaphragm, external intercostal lifts and expand cage.
Accessory muscles.
Neck muscles.
Shoulder girdle muscles.

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1
Q

Which muscles are used for quiet breathing for inspiration

A

Diaphragm and external intercostals stabilize rib cage

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2
Q

Which muscles are used for increased effort on expiration

A

Internal intercostals and abdominal wall muscles

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3
Q

Which nerve innervates the diaphragm

A

Phrenic C3,4,5

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4
Q

What is Tidal Volume

A

The volume of air moved in and out the lungs during normal breathing.

Typical Value: at rest 6-7ml/kg

During exercise 15ml/kg

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5
Q

What is the Inspiratory Reserve Volume

A

The amount breathed in as deep as possible after expiration.

Typical value 3,000ml

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6
Q

What is Expiratory Reserve Volume

A

After inspiration, breathe out as much as possible.

Typical value: 1,500 ml

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7
Q

What is the residual volume and why does it exist

A

It is the air that remains in the lungs after maximal expiration.
Typical value: 1000ml
The rigid nature if the thorax and pleural attachments prevent complete expiration.

It CANT be measured by spirometry.

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8
Q

What are the 4 lung volumes and what do they equal?

A

Tidal volume, IRV, ERV and Residual Volume

All 4 = Total Lung Capacity

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9
Q

How is vital capacity calculated?

A

Tidal Volume + IRV + ERV

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10
Q

What is the functional residual capacity

A

Residual Volume + ERV

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11
Q

What is the Vital Capacity

A

The volume after a maximal expiration is made after a maximal inspiration.

Typical Value: 5,000 ml

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12
Q

How do restrictive lung diseases affect lung volumes?

A

Reduces: Residual Volume, Functional Residual Capacity, Vital Capacity and Total Lung Capacity.

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13
Q

Give 3 examples of Obstructive Lung Diseases

A

Asthma, COPD, Emphesyma

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14
Q

What happens to the residual volume in Obstructive Lung Diseases

A

The residual volume is decreased.

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15
Q

How is the volume of exhaled air effected by a restrictive lung disease

A

Remains at similar rate but the total volume exhaled significantly decreased.

16
Q

How is the volume of exhaled air changed by an obstructive lung disease

A

Slower rate but fairly close to the total volume exhaled.

17
Q

How is FEV1/FVC ratio used to distinguish between obstructive and restrictive lung diseases

A

A ratio below 0.7 is considered OBSTRUCTIVE

A ratio above 0.7 is considered RESTRICTIVE

18
Q

What is the most important factor in airway flow?

A

The diameter of the airway as it is power of 4 in calculation

19
Q

What is compliance?

A

Compliance is the change in lung volume per unit change in intrathoracic pressure

But compliance is not equal throughout the lung.

20
Q

What is the aleveolar surfactant made up of and what is it produced by?

A

90% Phospholipid
10% Protein

Produced by Type II alveolar cells.

21
Q

What does the surfactant do?

A

The surfactant acts as a detergent to reduce alveolar surface tension.

  • increases pulmonary compliance
  • prevents atelectasis - collapse of the lung
  • aids alveolar recruitment
  • minimises alveolar fluid
22
Q

As alveolar volume increases, surfactant becomes…

A

More dispersed. Which equalises pressure between alveoli of different sizes.

23
Q

What is partial pressure of a gas

A

Partial pressure of a gas in a mixture of gases is the pressure it would exert if it was the only gas

24
Q

Why is partial of oxygen lower in alveoli than atmosphere 21%?

A
  • Inspired air is humidified in the upper airway
  • oxygen is taken up while CO2 is added.
  • body consumers more oxygen than it produces CO2 (1.25x)
25
Q

How is partial pressure of a gas related to its solubility?

A

Partial pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to its solubility.

The greater solubility the more molecules can be accommodated for a given partial pressure.

26
Q

Oxygen Diffusing Capacity =…

A

Oxygen uptake/alveolar po2 - mean pulmonary capillary Po2

27
Q

What epithelial cells line the nose and pharynx

A

Pseudo stratified

28
Q

What epithelial cells like the trachea and bronchi

A

Columnar

29
Q

What epithelial cells line the bronchioles

A

Cuboidal

30
Q

What are the key features of respiratory alkalosis

A

Low PCO2, normal bicarbonate and hyperventilation

31
Q

What are the key features of metabolic alkalosis

A

Normal PCO2, high bicarbonate.

Loss of H+ eg. From vomiting

32
Q

What are the main features if respiratory acidosis

A

High PCO2, high bicarbonate from renal compensation.

Ventilatory failure.

33
Q

What are the main features of metabolic acidosis

A

Low PCO2 from respiratory compensation, low bicarbonate

Renal failure
Diabetic ketoacidosis and shock

34
Q

What factors would shift the Hb-O2 curve left?

A

High pH
Low temp
Low 2,3 DPG

35
Q

What would cause the Hb-O2 curve to shift right

A

Low pH
High temp
High 2,3 DPG

36
Q

What disease is an absent globin chain in hemoglobin

A

Thalassemia - unsurvivable

37
Q

Example of a defective globin chain disease

A

Sickle cell disease

Red cells sickle at low PO2

38
Q

Example of a defective Fe Atom problem

A

Methemoglobin - drug induces

MetHb can’t carry O2

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