respiratory

Question 1

What is the respiratory system?

Answer 1

A biological system consisting of specific organs and structures used for gas exchange in animals and plants.

Question 2

List the main organs of the respiratory system.

Answer 2

• Nose
• Pharynx
• Larynx
• Trachea
• Bronchi
• Lungs

Question 3

What are the two main divisions of the respiratory tract?

Answer 3

• Upper respiratory tract
• Lower respiratory tract

Question 4

What is the function of the nose in the respiratory system?

Answer 4

It is the main entry point for air and filters out dust and particles.

Question 5

What is the pharynx?

Answer 5

A muscular passageway about 13 cm long that connects the nasal cavity and mouth to the trachea.

Question 6

What role does the larynx play?

Answer 6

Routes air and food into the proper channels and plays a role in speech.

Question 7

What is the trachea also known as?

Answer 7

Windpipe

Question 8

Define alveoli.

Answer 8

Tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles essential for gas exchange.

Question 9

What is the role of the diaphragm during inhalation?

Answer 9

Contracts and pulls downward, increasing the size of the thoracic cavity.

Question 10

What is pulmonary ventilation?

Answer 10

The process of air flowing into the lungs during inspiration and out of the lungs during expiration.

Question 11

What is external respiration?

Answer 11

The exchange of gases between the air and blood inside the lungs.

Question 12

What is the tidal volume (TV)?

Answer 12

Normal quiet breathing moves approximately 500 ml of air into and out of the lungs with each breath.

Question 13

What is the inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)?

Answer 13

The amount of air that can be inhaled forcibly above the tidal volume, approximately 3,100 ml.

Question 14

What is the expiratory reserve volume (ERV)?

Answer 14

The amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled beyond tidal expiration, approximately 1,200 ml.

Question 15

Define residual volume.

Answer 15

The amount of air that remains in the lungs after the most strenuous expiration, about 1,200 ml.

Question 16

What is the vital capacity (VC)?

Answer 16

The total amount of exchangeable air, around 4,800 ml in healthy young men and 3,100 ml in healthy young women.

Question 17

What is dead space volume?

Answer 17

The volume of air that remains in the conducting zone and never reaches the alveoli, about 150 ml.

Question 18

What are bronchial sounds?

Answer 18

Sounds produced by air rushing through the large respiratory passageways (trachea and bronchi).

Question 19

What are vesicular breathing sounds?

Answer 19

Soft murmurs that occur as air fills the alveoli.

Question 20

True or False: Abnormal respiratory sounds include crackles and wheezing.

Answer 20

True

Question 21

What is the primary function of alveolar macrophages?

Answer 21

They provide protection by picking up bacteria, carbon particles, and other debris.

Question 22

What is the role of surfactant in the lungs?

Answer 22

It coats gas-exposed alveolar surfaces, reducing surface tension.

Question 23

What is the process of gas transport in the blood?

Answer 23

The process by which oxygen is carried from the lungs to the tissues and carbon dioxide is carried from the tissues back to the lungs.

Question 24

What initiates the control of respiration?

Answer 24

Neural control and chemical control mechanisms.

Question 25

What happens during inspiration?

Answer 25

Diaphragm contracts, thoracic cavity volume increases, leading to airflow into the lungs.

Question 26

What is the primary method of carbon dioxide transport in the blood?

Answer 26

* Dissolved in plasma * Bound to hemoglobin * As bicarbonate ion

Question 27

What is Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures?

Answer 27

The total pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of each gas in the mixture.

Question 28

What is diffusion in the context of gas exchange?

Answer 28

Gases move from areas of high partial pressure to areas of low partial pressure.

Question 29

What is the significance of alveolar ventilation?

Answer 29

It is the volume of fresh air that reaches the alveoli and participates in gas exchange per minute.

Question 30

What drives oxygen from the alveoli into the capillaries?

Answer 30

The partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) gradient.

Question 31

What is the process by which carbon dioxide is exhaled from the body?

Answer 31

Carbon dioxide diffuses from the capillaries into the alveoli due to a pressure gradient.

Question 32

Define alveolar ventilation.

Answer 32

The volume of fresh air that reaches the alveoli and participates in gas exchange per minute.

Question 33

List two factors influencing alveolar ventilation.

Answer 33

* Respiratory Rate * Tidal Volume

Question 34

What system in the brainstem is involved in regulating respiration?

Answer 34

The medullary respiratory system.

Question 35

What is the function of the dorsal respiratory group?

Answer 35

It is most active during inspiration.

Question 36

What is the role of the ventral respiratory group?

Answer 36

It is active during both inspiration and expiration.

Question 37

What complex is believed to establish the basic rhythm of respiration?

Answer 37

The Pre-Botzinger Complex.

Question 38

What is the pontine respiratory group formerly known as?

Answer 38

The pneumotaxic center.

Question 39

What does the pontine respiratory group help regulate?

Answer 39

Respiration rate.

Question 40

What initiates the starting inspiration phase?

Answer 40

Neurons in the medullary respiratory center establish the rhythm.

Question 41

Fill in the blank: A decrease in _____ stimulates the respiratory center to increase ventilation.

Answer 41

Oxygen levels.

Question 42

True or False: Carbon dioxide is the major regulator of ventilation.

Answer 42

True.

Question 43

How does a low pH affect respiratory rate?

Answer 43

It stimulates an increased respiratory rate.

Question 44

What is the function of the Hering-Breuer reflex?

Answer 44

It limits the depth of inspiration and prevents overinflation of the lungs.

Question 45

What type of receptors are involved in the Hering-Breuer reflex?

Answer 45

Stretch receptors in the walls of the bronchi and bronchioles.

Question 46

How does the cerebral cortex affect the respiratory system?

Answer 46

It controls the rate and depth of breathing both voluntarily and involuntarily.

Question 47

What respiratory disorder is characterized by inflammation of bronchi?

Answer 47

Bronchitis.

Question 48

What is emphysema?

Answer 48

Destruction of alveolar walls leading to decreased surface area for gas exchange.

Question 49

What condition prevents the lungs from working well due to inflammation?

Answer 49

Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS).

Question 50

What genetic disorder affects mucus secretions and restricts airflow?

Answer 50

Cystic fibrosis.

Question 51

What is a major characteristic of lung cancer?

Answer 51

It occurs in the epithelium of the respiratory tract and can spread easily.

Question 52

Name the five stages of respiratory system development during fetal development.

Answer 52

* Embryonic * Pseudoglandular * Canalicular * Saccular * Alveolar

Question 53

During which stage of fetal development do the major airways and pleura form?

Answer 53

Embryonic stage (Weeks 4-7).

Question 54

What occurs during the canalicular stage of development?

Answer 54

Formation of distal airway, blood-air barrier, surfactant, and acini.

Question 55

At what stage do alveoli become more mature?

Answer 55

Alveolar stage (Weeks 36 of gestation and throughout childhood).