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nursing science 2 > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the function of the Respiratory system?

A

-Supplies O2 & removes CO2,
-Filters, warms & humidifies air,
-Regulates pH
-Olfaction
-Voice production
-Respiratory pump for venous & lymph return.

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2
Q

State the pathway of air from Nose to Alveoli.

A

-Nose
-Pharynx
•Nasopharynx
•Oropharynx
•Laryngopharynx
-Larynx
-Trachea
-Bronchi
-Bronchioles
-Terminal bronchioles
-Alveoli

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3
Q

What are the TWO divisions of the Nose?

A

External nose & Nasal cavity.

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4
Q

What does the External nose consist of?

A

Bone,
Hyaline cartilage.

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5
Q

What does the Nasal cavity consist of?

A

Mucus membranes,
Cilliated cells,
Sensory nerve endings,
Highly vascular,
Chemoreceptors.

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6
Q

What are the THREE paranasal sinuses?

A

Sphenoid sinus,
Frontal sinus,
Maxillary sinus.

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7
Q

What is the function of the Paranasal sinus?

A

Serves to lighten the skull & drains into the Nasal cavity,
Acts as a resonating chamber for speech.

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8
Q

What are the THREE divisions of the Pharynx?

A

Oropharynx,
Laryngopharynx,
Nasopharynx.

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9
Q

What does the Larynx consist of?

A

-Hyaline cartilage
•Thyroid cartilage
-Epiglottis
-Vocal folds

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10
Q

What are THREE homeostatic imbalances that affect the Respiratory system?

A

-Viral & bacterial infection:
Inflammation, excess mucus, nasal congestion.
-Sinusitis:
Air absorbed can create a vacuum effect which obstructs breathing,
Inflammation.
-Laryngitis:
Inflammation of the vocal cords,
hoarse sounds-whisper.

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11
Q

What are the TWO Respiratory tract structures?

A

Upper & Lower

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12
Q

Where is the Upper respiratory tract and what does it consist of?

A

Outside the thorax or chest cavity.
Consist of the Nasal cavity, Pharynx, Larynx.

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13
Q

Where is the Lower respiratory tract and what does it consist of?

A

Within the thorax or chest cavity.
Consists of the Trachea, primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli.

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14
Q

How many lobes do the Left & Right lung have?

A

Right lung contains 3 lobes,
Left lung contains 2 lobes & is 10% smaller.

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15
Q

State the anatomy of the Trachea

A

A tubular passage for air, approximately 11-12cm long & 2.5cm diameter.
It extends from the Larynx in the neck to the primary bronchi in the thoracic cavity.
Anterior to the Oesophagus.

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16
Q

What does the Mucosal lining of the Trachea contain?

A

Ciliated pseudostratified epithelium containing goblet cells.
Contains various smooth muscle & elastic tissue to make the Trachea flexible.
The sub-mucosal layer contains 16-20 C-shaped cartilage rings to support the passage.

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17
Q

How does the Trachea produce a cough reflex?

A

The mucosa at the Carina (the branch point of the Trachea into bronchi) is extremely sensitive & violent coughing is triggered when touched.
-Contraction of the Trachea muscles helps expel mucus during coughing.

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18
Q

What are the THREE levels of Bronchi?

A

Primary bronchi,
Secondary bronchi,
Tertiary bronchi.

19
Q

What does the Primary bronchi contain?

A

Rings of C-shaped cartilage to prevent the Bronchi from collapsing.

20
Q

What does the Secondary bronchi do & contain?

A

Strips of cartilage,
supplies the lobes of each lung.

21
Q

What does the Tertiary bronchi do & contain?

A

Strips of cartilage,
supplies the segments within the lobes of each lung.
Bronchioles connect the tertiary bronchi to the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts & alveoli.

22
Q

State the changes that occur to Bronchi & Bronchioles as they divide.

A

Cilia vs no cilia,
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium is replaced by simple cuboidal epithelium.
Cartilage rings become replaced by smooth muscle to increase constriction.

23
Q

State the relationship of the Sympathetic NS & the diameter of the bronchioles.

A

Sympathetic stimulation causes bronchodilation by relaxing smooth muscle and enabling more air passage.

24
Q

State the relationship of the Parasympathetic NS & the diameter of the Bronchioles.

A

Parasympathetic stimulation causes bronchoconstriction by contracting smooth muscle & reducing air passage.

25
Q

State how Alveoli are adapted for gas exchange.

A

Collectively large surface area: approximately 30 million alveoli provide 70m2,
Alveoli are lined with simple squamous epithelium to optimise diffusion,
Highly vascular capillaries surround alveoli,
Macrophages remove particles from alveoli.

26
Q

What is a Surfactant & what is its role?

A

A film of H2O, & detergent-like complex of lipids & proteins.
Prevents the thin watery liquid film on the surface of alveoli from excreting surface tension & collapsing.
Increases lung compliance.

27
Q

What does the term Tidal volume mean?

A

The usual amount of air moving through the lungs during normal quiet breathing. approx 500mL.

28
Q

State the THREE factors that affect the rate of breathing.

A

Surface tension,
Compliance of lungs,
Airway resistance.

29
Q

What does the term Lung compliance mean?

A

The ease with which the lungs & thoracic wall can expand.
High compliance makes ventilation easier,
Low compliance makes ventilation harder.

30
Q

What factors affect Lung compliance?

A

Elasticity of the lung tissue & surface tension on Alveoli.

31
Q

What does the term Lung recoil mean?

A

The tendency of the lungs to return to the resting state after inspiration.

32
Q

What does the term Airway resistance mean?

A

The friction which occurs between air and the passage way.

33
Q

State the factors that assist to ease the work of breathing.

A

Open, unobstructed airway,
minimal resistance,
ability to move diaphragm & ribs,
compliant lungs,
clear alveoli.

34
Q

State the factors that prevent the ease of breathing.

A

Obstruction of airway,
constriction from spasm,
injury to diaphragm or ribs,
stiff lungs,
alveoli contain secretions.

35
Q

State the muscle contractions that occur during NORMAL inspiration & expiration.

A

In: Diaphragm & external intercostal.

Out: None.

36
Q

State the muscle contractions that occur during FORCED inspiration & expiration.

A

In: Diaphragm, external intercostal, sternocleidomastoid, scalene, pectoralis minor

Out: internal intercostal, abdominal muscle.

37
Q

State the steps of O2 delivery.

A

1: Ventilation of the lungs
2: diffusion of O2 from alveoli,
3: Perfusion of systemic capillaries with oxygenated blood,
4: Diffusion of O2 from systemic capillaries into cells.

38
Q

State the steps of CO2 removal.

A

1: Diffusion of CO2 from cells into systemic capillaries,
2: Perfusion of pulmonary capillaries,
3: Diffusion of CO2 into alveoli,
4: Removal of CO2 by ventilation.

39
Q

How does CO2 travel around the body?

A

70% In the form of Bicarbonate,
7% Dissolved in plasma,
23% bound to haemoglobin.

40
Q

What is the chemical equation for CO2 into Bicarbonate?

A

CO2 + H2O <=>
H2CO3 <=> H+ + HCO3-

41
Q

What is External respiration?

A

Respiration that occurs between the Alveoli & Pulmonary capillaries.

42
Q

What is Internal respiration?

A

Respiration that occurs between the systemic capillaries & body tissues.

43
Q

What is Pulmonary respiration?

A

The process of air flowing into the lungs during inspiration & expiration.
The exchange of O2 & CO2

44
Q

What is Systemic respiration?

A

The process of oxygenated blood flowing into capillaries of body tissue.

nursing science 2 (5 decks)

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