respiratory Flashcards
what is ventilation?
mechanical process and involves the movement of air
what is respiration?
physiological process and involves the exchange of gases in the alveoli (external
respiration) and in the cells (internal respiration)
what are the parts of the upper respiratory tract?
nose, nasal cavities, sinuses, pharynx
and the part of the larynx above the vocal folds
what are the parts of the lower respiratory tract?
larynx, the trachea,
bronchi, bronchioles and the alveoli
what happens during inhalation?
the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract, expanding the thoracic cavity and increasing intra-alveolar volume. This decrease in intra-alveolar pressure creates a pressure gradient, causing air to flow from the atmosphere into the lungs until intra-alveolar pressure equals atmospheric pressure
what happens during exhalation
Exhalation begins with the relaxation of the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles, reducing thoracic cavity volume. This increases intra-alveolar pressure, causing air to flow out of the lungs until intra-alveolar pressure equals atmospheric pressure.
what does tidal volume mean (TV)?
volume of air inhaled or exhaled during one respiratory cycle at rest (approx. 500 ml)
what does inspiratory reserve (IRV) mean?
volume of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal tidal volume inhalation (used during deep breathing, approx. 1900 – 3300 ml)
what does expiratory reserve volume (ERV) mean?
volume of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal volume exhalation (used during deep breathing, approx. 700 – 1000 ml)
what does residual volume (RV) mean?
volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximal exhalation (cannot be measured by spirometry)
what does inspiratory capacity (IC) mean?
maximum volume of air that can be inhaled following a resting state (= TV + IRV)
what does function residual capacity (FRC) mean?
volume of air remaining in the lungs at the end of a normal exhalation (= ERV + RV)
what does vital capacity (VC) mean?
maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after a maximal inspiration (= TV + IRV + ERV)
what is the total lung capacity (TLC) mean?
Total Lung Capacity (TLC): maximum volume of air the lungs can accommodate or sum of all volume compartments (= TV, IRV, ERV, RV)
what is the bicarbonate buffer system?
Key mechanism in the body regulating pH of bodily fluids, particularly blood. Involves reversible reaction between carbonic acid (H2CO3) and bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) to stabilize pH. Helps maintain pH balance by neutralizing excess acids or bases, ensuring optimal cellular function and homeostasis.
