Respiratory Flashcards
What are the borders that the lungs are protected by?
Superiorly:
Inferiorly:
Anteriorly and Laterally:
Posteriorly:
Superiorly: Cervical mm
Inferiorly: Respiratory diaphragm
Anteriorly and Laterally: Ribs, sternum, intercostal mm
Posteriorly: Thoracic vertebrae
What does the mediastinum house?
Heart, great blood vessels, esophagus, thymus, lymph nodes, vagus and phrenic nerves
The right lung has __ lobes. The 2 fissures that separate the 3 lobes are the___ & ____. ____ seperates the superior & middle lobes. And the ____ separates the middle and inferior lobes.
- 3
- oblique & horizontal
- oblique
- horizontal
The left lung has ___ lobes with 1 ____ fissure
- 2
- oblique
Pulmonary arteries carry _____ blood from the ____ ventricle of the heart to the lungs for____
- deoxygenated blood
- right
- oxygenation
Pulmonary Veins carry _____ blood from the lungs to the ____ atrium of the heart
- oxygenated blood
- left
What is the primary function of the respiratory system?
Gas exchange
Gas exchange takes place in the respiratory airways at the ____ level
- alveolar
The upper respiratory tract consists of all structures of the respiratory system lying ___ the level of the ____
- above
- larynx
What are the structures of the upper respiratory tract?
- sphenoid sinus, frontal sinus, nasal cavity, mouth, pharynx
What are the structures of the lower respiratory tract?
- larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
What are the two zones that the respiratory system can be functionally classified into?
Conducting zone & Respiratory Zone
What is the conducting zone? What are the structures?
- the conducting zone is the structures that make up the physical passageway of air into the body
- it’s made up of the nasal passages, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles
What is the respiratory zone? What are the structures?
- where gas exchange takes place
- respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli
Where does the trachea bifurcate into left and right primary bronchi?
At the level of T4
During inhalation the diaphragm ____ and thoracic volume___ while intra thoracic pressure ____
- descends
- increases
- decrease
During exhalation the diaphragm ____ & thoracic volume ____. Pulmonary pressure ____
- ascends
- decreases
- increases
What are the accessory mm of inspiration?
- scalenes: activate to lift upper 2 ribs
- SCM: activate to lift sternum and clavicle
- Pec minor: activate to elevate ribs 3-5
Forced expiration involves contraction of the _____ mm. In addition the ….
- internal intercostal mm
- QL
- Serratus posterior inferior
- abdominals
The presence of blood in the pleural cavity which can result in the collapse of a lobe or an entire lung is…
Hemothorax
Define Pneumothorax
The presence of air/gas in the pleural cavity which can result in the collapse of a lobe or an entire lung
Name the differences between primary spontaneous pneumothorax and secondary spontaneous pneumothorax
Primary:
- idiopathic
- risks include smoker, family hx, greater prevalence among bio males
- can take up to 12 wks to resolve
Secondary:
- pathological, d/t underlying lung pathology that alters normal lung structure/ function
- takes longer to heal than PSP, chest pain
- recurrence is common
What is pleuritis/pleurisy? How can it present?
An inflammation of the pleural membranes
May present as:
- reffered pain to shoulder
- extremely painful often unilateral & abrupt onset
- pain worse when pleura is stretched on breathing
- dry cough
- weakness
- headache
- fever
Treatment of pleuritis
- pain meds
- laying in affected side to limit breathing movement and reducing stretch of pleura
Atelectasis refers to…
incomplete expansion of part of a lung or the entire lung
May be caused by airway obstruction, lung compression or lung collapse
A collection or gathering of pus within a naturally existing anatomical cavity is…
Empyema
Status asthmaticus is…
- a medical emergency. Call 911!
- attack lasting for several hours & unresponsive to medical tx
With atopic asthma cases in people under 35 tend to be precipitated by…
Cases in people over 35 tend to be…
- under 35: known triggers (pollen, dust, cigarette smoke, etc)
- over 35: stress-related or d/t chronic exposure to inhaled pollutants or chemicals
_____ are the strongest predisposing factor for asthma
- Allergies
This is allergy induced asthma …
Atopic asthma
What are common triggers of non-allergic asthma
- air pollutants
- strong odors or perfumes, smoke
- cold, heat, weather changes
- exercise
- stress, emotional upsets
- some meds
- sinusitis w/ post naval drip
- obesity
- viral respiratory tract infections
- hormonal changes
