Respiratory

Question 1

where is the conducting zone?

Answer 1

nose to bronchioles

Question 2

where do the internal nares open into?

Answer 2

pharynx

Question 3

where is the vascular plexus located?

Answer 3

nasal mucosa

Question 4

where is nasal epithelium found?

Answer 4

nasal mucosa

Question 5

where do the paranasal sinuses drain?

Answer 5

into pharynx

Question 6

what are the different paranasal sinuses?

Answer 6

Ethmoid sinuses by the eyes, frontal on forehead, sphenoid to the side, maxillary under eyes

Question 7

where do the auditory tubes drain?

Answer 7

into nasopharynx

Question 8

where is the divergement of respiratory and digestive tracts?

Answer 8

largyngopharynx

Question 9

what closes over the larynx

Answer 9

epiglottis

Question 10

how does coughing occur?

Answer 10

by contraction of the trachealis muscle

Question 11

what changes occur at the bronchioles?

Answer 11

respiratory epithelium becomes cuboidal and have no cartilage or goblet cells

Question 12

what is surfactant?

Answer 12

phospholipid

Question 13

what are the anterior thoracic joints?

Answer 13

sternocostal (synovial except first), costochondral (cartilaginous), interchondral (synovial)

Question 14

what are the posterior thoracic joints?

Answer 14

costotransverse, costovertebral

Question 15

when is the diaphragm domed?

Answer 15

during expiration or when relaxed

Question 16

what are the accessory muscles used for?

Answer 16

to change cavity volume during forced respiration

Question 17

where does resistance arise?

Answer 17

bronchi

Question 18

what disease is the result of reduced lung capacity?

Answer 18

restrictive

Question 19

what are the restrictive disorders?

Answer 19

pulmonary fibrosis and respiratory distress syndrome

Question 20

what disease is the result of resistance to airflow?

Answer 20

obstructive

Question 21

what are the obstructive disorders?

Answer 21

Asthma
Chronic bronchitis
Emphysema

Question 22

what is emphysema?

Answer 22

destruction of alveolar walls so decreased SFA for gas exchange

Question 23

why can’t Spirometry test can’t measure restrictive disorders?

Answer 23

because can’t quantify residual volume reduction

Question 24

how does CO2 travel as bicarbonate?

Answer 24

CO2 + H2O → H2CO3 → H+ + HCO3-
Bicarbonate ions move into plasma in exchange for Cl- and H+ binds to Hb

Question 25

what is the role of the central chemoreceptors and where are they?

Answer 25

in medulla - sensitive to change in pH as CO2 diffuses out of cerebral capillaries

Question 26

which chemoreceptors are most important in determining respiratory activity?

Answer 26

central (PCO2)

Question 27

what is the role of the peripheral chemoreceptors and where are they?

Answer 27

in carotid and aortic bodies - response to changes in arterial PO2

Question 28

what are the respiratory rhythmicity centres?

Answer 28

Inspiratory centre of dorsal respiratory group
Ventral respiratory group (inspiratory and expiratory)
Prebotzinger complex