Respiratory

Question 1

Inspiratory Reserve Volume

Answer 1

-the amount of air that could be inhaled past a tidal breath with maximal inspiratory effort
-around 3L

Question 2

Tidal Volume

Answer 2

-inspired from the resting lung volume reahced at end-expiration
-around 0.5L

Question 3

Expiratory Reserve Volume

Answer 3

-the amount of air that remains in the lungs after a tidal breath but could be forcefully exhaled
-around 1100 mL

Question 4

Residual Volume

Answer 4

-the air left in the lung after maximum expiratory effort
-around 1200 mL

Question 5

Inspiratory Capacity

Answer 5

-tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume
-the maximum amount of air inhaled from the end of a tidal breath
-3500 mL

Question 6

Functional Residual Capacity

Answer 6

-expiratory reserve volume + residual volume
-the amount of air remaining in the lungs at the end of a tidal breath
-2300 mL

Question 7

Vital Capacity

Answer 7

-the maximum volume that can be inhaled and then exhaled is the vital capacity
-around 4-6 L

Question 8

Total Lung Capacity

Answer 8

-the gas volume in the lung after a maximum inspiration
-around 6-8 L

Question 9

Conducting Zone

Answer 9

-does not participate in gas exchange (anatomic deadspace)
-begins at nares and mouth
-ends with terminal bronchioles

Question 10

Respiratory Zone

Answer 10

-gas exchange takes place here
-begins at alveolar ducts
-ends at alveolar sacs
-gas exchange occurs across type 1 pneumocytes by diffusion

Question 11

Turbulent flow

Answer 11

trachea, main bronchus, lobar bronchi, segmental bronchi
-has cartilage
-highest Reynolds number
-most resistance to flow

Question 12

Laminar flow

Answer 12

conducting bronchioles to alveolar sacs
-has smooth muscle

Question 13

T/F: The compliance reading on the ventilator is only for the tidal volume breath.

Answer 13

True, only for the breath that we see

Question 14

FRC volume affects…

Answer 14

lung compliance
resistance to air flow
gas exchange

Question 15

Ohm’s Law

Answer 15

Flow = pressure / resistance
Pressure = flow x resistance
Resistance = pressure / flow

Question 16

Equation of motion of the respiratory system

Answer 16

Paw = (volume x 1/ compliance) + (resistance x flow)

Question 17

Peak Airway Pressure

Answer 17

dynamic compliance of the tidal volume
-with air flow
-convection of gas
-high resistance
-can control size with airway size

Question 18

Plateau Pressure

Answer 18

static compliance of the FRC
-no flow
-diffusion of gas
-low resistance
-can control size with drugs

Question 19

T/F: If the size of the tube for ventilation is decreased, the increase in resistance is magnified.

Answer 19

True, halving the radius = 16x resistance (Pousielle’s Law)

Question 20

PFTs Obstructive

Answer 20

increased forced vital capacity
increased residual volume
FEV1/FVC <75%

Question 21

PFTs Restrictive

Answer 21

decreased forced vital capacity
decreased residual volume
FEV1/FVC >85%

Question 22

T/F: The ETT is the location with the highest resistance to airflow in healthy lungs.

Answer 22

True, we put a smaller tube inside a larger one that already had high resistance

Question 23

Dead space

Answer 23

-ventilation with no gas exchange
-conducting zone
-about 2 ml/kg
-emphysema/bronchitis cannot increase RR enough to keep up with PaCO2

Question 24

Minute ventilation

Answer 24

-total volume breathed
-TV x RR
-5 to 6 L

Question 25

Alveolar ventilation

Answer 25

-total volume in gas exchange
-(Vt-Vd) x RR
-4 to 5 L

Question 26

Dead space changes

Answer 26

increase: mask, glyco/atropine
decrease: ETT, trach

Question 27

Anatomic dead space

Answer 27

fraction of Tv that remains in the conducting airways

Question 28

Physiologic dead space

Answer 28

any part of a Vt that does not participate in gas exchange

Question 29

Instrumental dead space

Answer 29

volume of external tubing connected to patient

Question 30

Dead space equation

Answer 30

Vdphys / VT = (PaCO2 - EtCO2) / PaCO2

Question 31

FRC supine/anesthetized/paralyzed

Answer 31

supine -1L FRC
anesthesia -0.5L FRC

Question 32

FRC calculation

Answer 32

34 ml/kg

Question 33

Apneic time calculation

Answer 33

(FRC x FiO2) / 250 mL/min
2400 mL (FRC) x 1.0 (FiO2) / 250 mL/min (O2 consumption) = 9.6 minutes

Question 34

Compliance

Answer 34

Volume / Pressure
=elastance in healthy lungs
-Geriatric/COPD: increased alveolar, decreased chest wall
-neo/pulm fib: decreased alveolar, increased chest wall

Question 35

Elastance

Answer 35

Pressure / Volume
=compliance in healthy lungs
-geriatric/COPD: decreased alveolar, increased chest wall
-neo/pulm fib: increased alveolar, decreased chest wall