Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Phase 2a > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

What is COPD?

A

A disease state characterised by airflow limitation which is not fully reversible.

Emphysema and chronic bronchitis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the pathophysiology of COPD?

A

Chronic inflammation affecting central and peripheral airways, lung parenchyma and alveoli, and pulmonary vasculature.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What causes COPD?

A
  • Tobacco smoking
  • Air pollution
  • Indoor burning of biomass fuel
  • Occupational exposure to dusts, chemical agents and fumes
  • Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the risk factors for COPD?

A
  • Cigarette smoking
  • Advanced age
  • Genetics
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of COPD?

A
  • Cough
  • SOB
  • Sputum production
  • Barrel chest
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What can be found on examination of COPD?

A
  • Hyper-resonance on percussion
  • Poor air movement and wheezing on auscultation
  • Coarse crackles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How is COPD diagnosed?

A

Spirometry - FEV1/FVC ratio <0.7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the differentials for COPD?

A
  • Asthma
  • Congestive heart failure
  • Bronchiectasis
  • TB
  • Upper airway dysfunction
  • ACEi induced cough
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the management for an acute exacerbation of COPD?

A
  • O2 therapy
  • Salbutamol
  • Steroids
  • Treat cause
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the management of COPD?

A
  • Smoking cessation
  • Pulmonary rehab
  • Medication
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the medical treatment for COPD?

A
  1. Short-acting beta agonist (SABA) or short-acting muscarinic agonist (SAMA)
  2. Add LABA or LAMA (moderate disease)
  3. Add inhaled corticosteroid - beclamethasone (severe disease)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Give an example of a SABA.

A

Salbutamol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Give an example of a SAMA.

A

Ipratropium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Give an example of a LABA.

A

Salmetrol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Give an example of a LAMA.

A

Tiotrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the possible complications of COPD?

A
  • Cor pulmonale
  • Lung cancer
  • Recurrent pneumonia
  • Depression
  • Pneumothorax
  • Respiratory failure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is bronchitis?

A

Inflammation of bronchi leading to narrowing of airways due to tissue swelling and excess mucus production.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is chronic bronchitis?

A

Bronchitis lasting more than 3 months a year for more than 2 years.

Associated with COPD.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the pathophysiology of chronic bronchitis?

A

Inflammation → fibrosis → thickening of wall → reduced lumen size → decreased FEV1

  • Main cell involved - neutrophils
  • Main leukocyte - CD8
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the causes of bronchitis?

A
  • Can be infections (usually viral)
  • Forms a component of COPD
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the features of acute bronchitis?

A
  • Chesty cough (often productive and lasting up to 2 weeks)
  • Fever
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How is acute bronchitis managed?

A

Self-limiting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the pathophysiology of emphysema?

A
  • Loss of elasticity of alveoli
  • Inflammation and scarring (reduces size of lumen)
  • Mucus hypersecretion (increased diffusion distance)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the pathophysiology of TB?

A
  • Infection through droplet inhalation
  • Deposition in alveoli → engulfed by macrophages → evades lysis and multiplies in macrophages
  • Proliferation of bacilli in macrophage kills macrophage and release of mycobacteria
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What are the risk factors for TB infection?
- Exposure to TB - Birth in endemic country - HIV infection - Immunosuppressant medication - Silicosis - Apical fibrosis
26
What is the clinical presentation of TB?
- Cough - Fever - Anorexia - Weight loss - Malaise - Night sweats
27
How is TB diagnosed?
- Sputum acid-fast bacilli smear (positive) - Sputum culture - Nucleic acid amplification test (positive for M. tuberculosis)
28
What are the differentials for TB?
- Covid-19 - Community-acquired pneumonia - Lung cancer - Non-tuberculosis mycobacterium - Fungal infection - Sarcoidosis
29
What is the management for TB?
- Rifampicin - Isoniazid - Pyrazinamide - Ethambutol
30
What is the clinical presentation of cystic fibrosis?
- Positive newborn screen - Failure to pass meconium - Failure to thrive - Wet-sounding cough - Recurrent infection - Chronic sinusitis
31
How is CF diagnosed?
- Sweat test - Immunoreactive trypsinogen test (newborn screening) - Genetic testing
32
What are the differentials for CF?
- Primary ciliary dyskinesia - Primary immunodeficiency - Asthma - GORD - Chronic aspiration - Coeliac disease
33
How is CF managed?
- SABAs for asthma-like symptoms - Mucolytics and hydrators - Antibiotics - Inhaled corticosteroids - Anti-inflammatory agents - CFTR modulator - Lung transplant
34
What is pneumonia?
- Lower respiratory tract infection - Inflammation of lung tissue - Normally acute and caused by bacteria
35
How can pneumonia be classified?
- Anatomical location (one lobe = localised, multiple locations = diffused) - Aetiology (pneumococcal or atypical) - Community vs hospital acquired
36
How is hospital acquired pneumonia defined?
Pneumonia that develops at least 48 hours after admission
37
What is the pathophysiology of pneumonia?
Infection occurs through one of 4 pathways: - Inhalation - Aspiration of oropharyngeal secretions into trachea - Haematogenous spread - Direct extension from adjacent infected loci
38
What is the most common cause of community acquired pneumonia?
Strep pneumoniae
39
What is the most common cause of hospital acquired pneumonia?
- Gram negative bacilli - Staph aureus
40
What are the risk factors for pneumonia?
- Strep pneumoniae infection - Hospitalisation - Cigarette smoking - Alcohol excess - Bronchiectasis - Immunosuppression - IVDU
41
What is the clinical presentation of pneumonia?
- SOB and tachypnoea - Cough - Fever - Rigours - Vomiting - Headache - Anorexia - Pleuritic chest pain - Tachycardia
42
How is pneumonia diagnosed?
CXR - Consolidation
43
What are the differentials for pneumonia?
- PE - Pulmonary/pleural TB - Pulmonary oedema
44
How is pneumonia managed?
- Hospital acquired - Piperacillin / Tazobactam - Community acquired - Amoxicillin
45
What are the possible complications of pneumonia?
- Respiratory failure - Hypotension - Pleural effusion - Lobar collapse - Thromboembolism - Pneumothorax - Sepsis - ARDS
46
What is asthma?
A chronic lung condition where there is chronic inflammation of the airways and hypersensitivity of the airways.
47
What is the pathophysiology of asthma?
Initial trigger → release of inflammatory mediators → activation and migration of other inflammatory cells
48
What are the risk factors for asthma?
- FHx - Allergens - Atopic history
49
What is the clinical presentation of asthma?
- Upper respiratory tract infection - Dyspnoea - Cough - Expiratory wheeze - Nasal polyposis - Diurnal variation of symptoms
50
How is asthma diagnosed?
FEV1/FEC < 80% predicted
51
What are the differentials for asthma?
- CF - Chronic rhinosinusitis - Foreign body aspiration - Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency - COPD - Bronchiectasis
52
What is the management for asthma?
1. SABA eg. salbutamol PRN 2. Low dose ICS daily if uncontrolled 3. Add a leukotriene agonist 4. Add LABA eg. salmeterol if still uncontrolled
53
What are the possible complications for asthma?
Airway remodelling
54
What is a pneumothorax?
When air gets into and accumulated in the pleural space.
55
What is the pathophysiology of a pneumothorax?
Because the thoracic cavity is normally below its resting volume, and the lung is above its resting volume, the thoracic cavity enlarges and the lung becomes smaller when a pneumothorax develops
56
What are the causes of a pneumothorax?
- Chest injury - Lung disease - Ruptured air blisters - Mechanical ventilation
57
What are the risk factors for pneumothorax?
- Smoking - Genetics - Lung disease - Mechanical ventilation - Previous pneumothorax
58
What is the clinical presentation of a pneumothorax?
- Chest pain - Dyspnoea - Ipsilateral reduced breath sounds - Hypoxia - Cough
59
How is pneumothorax diagnosed?
CXR
60
What are the differentials for pneumothorax?
- Asthma - COPD - PE - Myocardial ischaemia - Pleural effusion - Bronchopleural fistula
61
What is the management for pneumothorax?
- Aspiration - Oxygen therapy - Surgery
62
What are the possible complications of pneumothorax?
Re-expansion pulmonary oedema
63
What is bronchiectasis?
Permanent dilation of bronchi due to destruction of elastic and muscular components of the bronchial wall. Normally a consequence of recurrent and/or severe infections secondary to an underlying condition
64
What are the causes of bronchiectasis?
- Post-infection - Immunodeficiency - Genetic - Aspiration/inhalation injury - Connective tissue disorder - Inflammatory bowel disease - COPD and asthma - Idiopathic
65
What is the clinical presentation of bronchiectasis?
- Cough - Sputum production - Crackles and high-pitched inspiration - Dyspnoea - Fever - Fatigue - Haemoptysis - Weight loss - Wheezing
66
How is bronchiectasis diagnosed?
- CXR - High-resolution chest CT
67
What are the differentials for bronchiectasis?
- COPD - Asthma - Pneumonia - Chronic sinusitis
68
What is the management for bronchiectasis?
- Exercise and improved nutrition - Airway clearance therapy - Antibiotics to clear acute exacerbations - Some patients may benefit from bronchodilators
69
What are the possible complications of bronchiectasis?
- Massive haemoptysis - Respiratory failure - Cor pulmonale - Ischaemic stroke
70
What is pleural effusion?
Fluid collection between parietal and visceral pleural surfaces of the thorax. If the normal flow of fluid is disrupted, fluid accumulates, resulting in a pleural effusion.
71
What are the risk factors for pleural effusion?
- Congestive heart failure - Pneumonia - Malignancy
72
What is the clinical presentation of pleural effusion?
- Dyspnoea - Dullness on percussion - Pleuritic chest pain - Cough - Quieter breath sounds - Decreased or absent tactile fremitus
73
How is pleural effusion diagnosed?
- Posterior-anterior and lateral CXR - Pleural US (fluid present)
74
What are the differentials for pleural effusion?
- Pleural thickening - Pulmonary collapse and consolidation - Elevated hemidiaphragm - Pleural tumours - Covid-19
75
How is pleural effusion managed?
- Diuretic (furosemide) - Antibiotics if infective
76
What are the complications of pleural effusion?
- Atelectasis/lobar collapse - Re-expansion PE - Pleural fibrosis - Pseudochylothorax - Trapped lung
77
What causes whooping cough?
Bordatella pertussis
78
What is the clinical presentation of whooping cough?
Catarrhal phase (1-2 weeks) - Rhinorrhoea, low-grade fever etc Paroxysmal phase (1-6 weeks) - Coughing spasms - Inspiratory 'whoop' - Post-ptussive vomiting
79
What are the complications of whooping cough?
- Pneumonia - Encephalopathy - Subconjunctival haemorrhage
80
What is the management for whooping cough?
- Clarithromycin - Vaccination dTaP (diphtheria, tetanus and acellular pertussis)
81
What is idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis?
Formation of scar tissue within the lungs and progressive dyspnoea
82
What are the risk factors for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis?
- Family history - Cigarette smoking - Older age - Male sex
83
What is the clinical presentation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis?
- Dyspnoea - Cough - Crackles - Weight loss - Fatigue - Malaise - Clubbing
84
How is idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis diagnosed?
- CXR - High-resolution CT
85
How is an acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis managed?
High-dose corticosteroid eg. prednisolone
86
What is the ongoing management for pulmonary fibrosis?
- Antifibrotic therapy (prednisolone) - 2nd line - Lung transplant
87
What are the possible complications of pulmonary fibrosis?
- Pulmonary hypertension - Lung cancer - GORD - Pulmonary - Pneumothorax - PE - DVT - ACS
88
What is sarcoidosis?
A chronic granulomatous disease of unknown aetiology, commonly affecting the lungs, skin and eyes. Accumulation of lymphocytes and macrophages and the formation of non-casketing granulomas in the lungs and other organs
89
What are the risk factors for sarcoidosis?
- Age 20-40 - Family history - Scandinavian origin
90
What is the clinical presentation of sarcoidosis?
- Cough/wheezing - Dyspnoea - Chronic fatigue - Arthralgia - Photophobia - Red, painful eye - Blurred vision - Lymphadenopathy
91
How is sarcoidosis diagnosed?
CXR
92
What are the differentials for sarcoidosis?
- TB - Histoplasmosis - Non-small cell lung cancer - Lymphoma - Brylliosis - Hypersensitivity pneumonitis
93
How is sarcoidosis managed?
Prednisolone
94
What is pulmonary hypertension?
Defined as a mean pulmonary arterial pressure of higher than 25mmHg
95
What are the causes of pulmonary hypertension?
- Group 1 - Primary pulmonary hypertension or connective tissue disease (eg. SLE) - Group 2 - Left heart failure (eg. due to MI) - Group 3 - Chronic lung disease (eg. COPD) - Group 4 - Pulmonary vascular disease (eg. PE) - Group 5 - Miscellaneous causes
96
What is the clinical presentation of pulmonary hypertension?
- SOB - Fatigue - Chest pain - Syncope - Tachycardia - Raised JVP - Hepatomegaly - Peripheral oedema
97
How is pulmonary hypertension diagnosed?
- ECHO (estimate pulmonary BP) - Right heart catheterisation (accurate measurement)
98
How is pulmonary hypertension managed?
- Supportive therapy - IV prostaglandins (epoprostenol) - Endothelin receptor antagonists (macitentan) - Phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors (sildenafil) - If secondary, treat underlying cause
99
What are the possible complications of pulmonary hypertension?
- Respiratory failure - Heart failure - Arrhythmias
100
What is lung cancer?
Generally a carcinoma of the bronchus, sometimes alveolar tumours or benign tumours. Vast majority are primary, some can be metastases.
101
What is the pathophysiology of small cell carcinoma of the lung?
Arise from endocrine cells (Kulchitsky cells). These secrete polypeptides, some cause further cell growth by auto feedback.

Phase 2a (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions