Respiratory Flashcards
What are the 4 primary functions of the respiratory system?
- Exchange of gases btwn atmosphere & blood (brings in O2 and sends out CO2)
- Homeostatic regulation of body pH (maintain normal pH = to maintain protein structure) [controlled via (retaining/excreting) CO2 lvls]
- Acts as a nuetralizer that protects froms inhaled pathagens
- Vocalization (moving air across your vocal cord)
Air exchange occurs by _______
bulk flow
Air and blood share which 3 bulk flow qualities?
- flow occurs from high pressure –> low pressure
- Muscular pump creates the pressure gradients
- Resistance is primarily influenced by diameter
T/F Air & Blood are not both fluids?
False - they are both fluids
air flow in respiratory sys = air less viscous, **compressable mixture of gases **
bloodflow in circulatory sys = noncompressible liquid
Bulk flow
mass movement of air/blood as result of pressure gradient (down them)
What is external respiration?
movement of gases btwn the enviroment & the body’s cell
What are the 4 subdivisions of Exteral Enivroment?
- Air Exchange btwn= atmosphere –> lung (ventilation)
- O2/CO2 Exchange btwn = lung –> blood
- O2/CO2 transport = move via blood
- Gas exchange btwn = blood –> cells
The ____& ____ systems coordinate the trasnsfer of ___ & ___ between the __and the __
The respiratory & circulatory system coordinate the transfer of O2/CO2 btwn the atmoshpere & the cells
T/F External Respiration only requires the respiratory system
False = it requires the coordination of both the respiratory and circulatory system
What is the respiratory system?
structures involed in ventaliation & gas exchange
Name the 3 structures in the respiratory system
- airways (from outside –>SA of lung)
-
Alveoli (concave vessel) @ the end of smallest bronchiole = site of gas exchange
3.** bones/muscle** of thorax (chest) + abdomen that help w ventilation
Name the structures within the upper/lower respiratory system
Upper: mouth,nasal cavity,pharynx,larynx
Lower(thoracic part): trachea, 2 main bronchi (bronchos=windpipe: singular-bronchi), their branches + lung
The thorax has 3 membranous sacs around:
1. pericardial sac = heart
2. __ sacs (x2) = ____
1 pleural sac around each lung
What material are the lungs composed of?
thier composed of light spngy tissue whose volume is occupied mostly by air-filled spaces (spongy tissue filled with air) (due to many aveoli?)
What material are the lungs composed of?
thier composed of light spngy tissue whose volume is occupied mostly by air-filled spaces (spongy tissue filled with air) (due to many aveoli?)
Is the left or right lung larger? Why or why not?
Right lung is larger then the left
left lung = cardiac notch for emeded heart
T/F One pleural sac surrounds both lungs
False - one pleural sac surrouds EACH lung
What is a pleural sac?
double wall-sac that protects lungs from friction when rubbing
Which 3 muscles interact with the lungs in the thoracic cage?
- Diaphragm = muscle that makes floor of cage
- Sternocleidomastoid = (inspiraotry) HELP elevate upper ribs
- Scalenes = (respiratory) = lift the upper rib cage
What is the function of pleural fluid?
to hold lungs tight against the thoracic wall
What connects the lungs to the external enviroment?
airways
List the path air takes when coming in via the upper respiratory tract (nose/mouth)
nose/mouth –> pharynx –> larynx (voice box) –> trachea (main airway of respiratory sys) –> extends down thorax –> branches off into a pair of primary bronchi –> smaller brochi –> broncioles –> alveoli (on smallest bronchiole?)
What effect do the branhcing of bronchi have on SA?
The more branching/division that occure = the higher the collective SA gets
Airflow is ____ porportional to SA of bronci
inversly, meaning:
high velocity = less branching (at upper airways)
low velocity = more branching (terminal airways)
What happens to air velocity as it moves down the airways?
air velocity decreases due to increase SA
__ and __ play the important role of conditioning air before it reaches the alveoli.
Upper airways & bronchi
What 3 conditioning roles do the upper airways & bronchi play?
- Warm air to body temp = to manitain core body temp & prevent alvroli damage through cold air
- Add water vapor = makes air 100% humid so that the epithelium doens’t dry out
- Filter out foreign material = keep unwanted viruses & things outside & away from alveoli (via nose air, mucus,)
Where is air filtered in which 2 airways?
Trachea & Bronchi
Air fiteration
Epethelial cells lining the airways & submucosal glands secrete __ and __
lining of epethelial cells secrete = SALINE & MUCUS
Notes
epthithelial cells = produc saline
goblet cells produce = mucus
Mucus contains __
immunoglobins
What is the mucoscilliary escalator?
epithilial cells contain cilia which push mucus upwards towards pharynx
T/F Only mucus is necessary for the function of mucocillary escalator
False
Saline is VITAL
the watery saline layer under the mucus allows the cilia beat & push mucus upward to pharynx
cilia beats = pulls saline layer up = which then pullls mucus up with it
Which channel is primarily responsible for the saline secretion of airway epethelial cells?
CFTR channel = if blocked, then Cl- won’t be released into lumen from cell –> won’t cause electrochemical & concentration gradients needs for movement of Na & H2O –> lumen stays dry
Which channel is primarily responsible for the saline secretion of airway epethelial cells?
CFTR channel = if blocked, then Cl- won’t be released into lumen from cell –> won’t cause electrochemical & concentration gradients needs for movement of Na & H2O –> lumen stays dry
Cystic fibrosis is caused by a mutation in the gene production of the __ channel
CFTR channel = cystic fribrosis transmembrance conductance regulator
condition that leaes peeps wth too much mucus in airway
succeptable to infection
air-filled __ clusted at the end of the terminal bronchioles make up the bulk of lung tissue
alveoli
alveoli make up the bulk of the lungs
Alveoli are heavily __ and have large __ optimal for gas exchange
vascularized (with cappilories) and huge SA
T/F close associationo falveoli with network of cappilaries = intamte link btwn respiratory & circulatory system
True
Which one (palmanory/systematic) curcit has the higher blood flow?
Which circut (palm/sys) has the higher Cardiac Output?
Which circut (palm/sys) has the higher pressure?
Highest blood flow = palmanory
Cardiac output = same in both
HIghest pressure = systemic
palmonary = low pressure = due to low resisatnce = due to shorter travel distance btwn heart & lung
