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Cardiorespiratory 1 > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

3 functions of the respiratory system

A

pulmonary ventilation
gas exchange
internal/external ventilation

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2
Q

What does the diaphragm separate?

A

thoracic and abdominal cavities

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3
Q

The muscle fibres of the diaphragm converge to what?

A

A central tendon

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4
Q

3 attachments of the diaphragm

A

lumbar vertebrae and arcuate ligaments
costal cartilages 7-10th ribs (attach directly to ribs 11 and 12)
xiphoid process

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5
Q

The diaphragm has a left and right what?

A

dome

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6
Q

The diaphragm has 2 what?

A

crura

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7
Q

The crura of the diaphragm arise from where?

A

bodies of the lumbar vertebrae

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8
Q

The left crus of the diaphragm arises from where?

A

L1 and L2 bodies and discs

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9
Q

The right crus of the diaphragm arises from where?

A

L1 to L3 bodies and discs

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10
Q

Which crus of the diaphragm is larger?

A

Right

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11
Q

Where does the central tendon of the diaphragm attach to?

A

Pericardium

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12
Q

Either side of the pericardium is the what?

A

Left and right domes of the diaphragm

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13
Q

At rest, which dome of the diaphragm is situated higher? Why?

A

Right dome - due to the liver

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14
Q

The upper diaphragm surface is covered with what?

A

Parietal pleura

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15
Q

What is the costodiaphragmatic recess?

A

Potential space separating visceral and parietal pleura

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16
Q

the upper diaphragm surface is lined by what?

A

Parietal layer of peritoneum

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17
Q

What are the 3 pathways/openings through the diaphragm?

A

Caval hiatus
Oesophageal hiatus
Aortic hiatus

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18
Q

What passes through the caval hiatus of the diaphragm?

A

Inferior vena cava and Right phrenic nerve

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19
Q

What passes through the oesophageal hiatus of the diaphragm?

A

Oesophagus
Right and left vagus nerves (gastric nerves)
Oesophageal branches of left gastric artery/vein

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20
Q

What passes through the aortic hiatus of the diaphragm?

A

Aorta
Thoracic duct
Azygous vein

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21
Q

What level is the caval hiatus?

A

Level of T8

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22
Q

What level is the oesophageal hiatus?

A

T10

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23
Q

What level is the aortic hiatus?

A

T12

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24
Q

How to remember the levels of the diaphragm openings

A

Vena cava has 8 letters (T8)
Oesophagus has 10 letters (T10)
Aortic hiatus has 12 letters (T12)

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25
Q

Pump handle action of the ribs

A

antero-posterior direction

sternum is raised

26
Q

Bucket handle action of the ribs

A

transverse direction

contraction of external intercostals raises lateral part of ribs

27
Q

Define pulmonary ventilation

A

the flow of air into and out of the alveoli

28
Q

Which ribs are atypical?

A

1, 10, 11, 12

29
Q

Which ribs are directly connected to the sternum?

A

1 to 7

30
Q

Which ribs are indirectly connected to the sternum?

A

8 to 10

31
Q

What are the 3 parts of the sternum?

A

Manubrium, body, xiphoid process

32
Q

What are the components of the upper respiratory tract?

A

Nasopharynx, oropharynx and larynx

33
Q

What are the components of the lower respiratory tract?

A

trachea
main, lobar and segmental bronchi
conducting and respiratory bronchioles
alveoli

34
Q

At what point does the trachea bifurcate?

A

carina

35
Q

What makes up a respiratory unit?

A

alveolar duct and alveolus

36
Q

The right lung is divided into how many lobes?

A

3

37
Q

The left lobe is divided into how many lobes?

A

2

38
Q

What is the respiratory membrane?

A

barrier between alveolar air and blood

39
Q

What are the 3 types of alveolar cells?

A

Type I pneumocyte
Type II pneumocyte
Alveolar macrophages

40
Q

What are the 3 components of the respiratory membrane?

A

Alveolar wall
Capillary wall
Shared basement membrane

41
Q

Trachea and bronchi are lined by what type of cells?

A

Ciliated pseudo stratified columnar epithelium

42
Q

Boyle’s law

A

Initial pressure, initial volume = final pressure, final volume

Gases move from higher pressure (lower vol) to lower pressure (higher vol)

43
Q

Dalton’s law

A

The total pressure of a mixture of gases is the sum of the partial pressures of each gas in the mixture

44
Q

Fick’s law of diffusion

A

Rate of diffusion is proportional to both the surface area and concentration difference and is inversely proportional to the thickness of the membrane

45
Q

What muscle acts to fix the 12th rib during forced expiration

A

Quadratus lumborum

46
Q

Action of internal intercostals

A

Depress ribs during forced expiration

47
Q

What outcome measures can be used for dyspnoea?

A
  • Borg scale

- Medical research council (MRC) breathlessness scale

48
Q

What outcome measures can be used for physical disability?

A
  • London chest activities of daily living scale (LCADL)

- Manchester respiratory activities of daily living scale (MRADL)

49
Q

What outcome measures can be used for quality of life?

A
  • St Georges respiratory questionnaire (SGRQ) and reparatory questionnaire C (SGRQ-C)
  • Chronic respiratory disease questionnaire (CRDQ)
  • COPD assessment test (CAT)
50
Q

What outcome measures can be used for psychological well-being?

A
  • Hospital anxiety and depression scale (HAD)
  • Beck anxiety and depression inventory
  • Anxiety inventory for respiratory disease (AIR)
51
Q

What outcome measures can be used for exercise capacity?

A
  • Incremental shuttle walk test (ISWT)
  • Six minute walk test (6MWT)
  • Timed get up and go
  • Treadmill
  • Step test
52
Q

What is the GOLD classification of COPD?

A

Gold 1: Mild (FEV1 ≥ 80% predicted)
Gold 2: Moderate (50% ≤ FEV1 < 80% predicted)
Gold 3: Severe (30% ≤ FEV1 < 50% predicted)
Gold 4: Very severe (FEV1 < 30% predicted)

53
Q

What are some of the signs of hypoxia/hypoxaemia?

A 
^ respiratory rate
^ pulse
^ WOB
confusion/agitation
cyanosis (central or peripheral)
54
Q

Hypercapnic patients have a high….

A

PaCO2 level

55
Q

Oxygen therapy through nasal cannulae should be used with caution in what patients?

A

Very breathless hypoxic patients

Type II respiratory failure

56
Q

What 2 measurements are used in spirometry?

A

FEV1 and FVC

57
Q

What is FEV1?

A

the volume exhaled in the first second after deep inspiration and forced expiration

58
Q

What is FVC?

A

Forced vital capacity - the total volume of air that the patient can forcibly exhale in one breath

59
Q

Obstructive spirometry pattern

A 
Reduced FEV1 (<80% of the predicted normal)
Reduced FVC (but to a lesser extent than FEV1)
FEV1/FVC ratio reduced (<0.7)
60
Q

Restrictive spirometry pattern

A 
Reduced FEV1 (<80% of the predicted normal)
Reduced FVC (<80% of the predicted normal)
FEV1/FVC ratio normal (>0.7)
61
Q

Where is the conducting zone in the airways?

A

Distal to the trachea and before the alveoli

Cardiorespiratory 1 (4 decks)

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