Respiratory

Question 1

Respiratory systems consists of what two airways?

Answer 1

upper and lower

Question 2

The upper airway consist of?

Answer 2

mouth, nose, and pharynx

Question 3

The pharynx is also known as the

Answer 3

throat

Question 4

#1 
The lower airways consist of

Answer 4

trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, and lungs

Question 5

#1 
ventilation or breathing is

Answer 5

the physical process of moving air into and out of the lungs so that gas exchange can take place.

Question 6

#1 
Gas diffusion?

Answer 6

refers to the movement of oxygen between the alveoli and the blood

Question 7

#1
What is Fraction of Inspired Oxygen Concentration

Answer 7

it is the percentage of oxygen human breathe.

Question 8

#1
Fraction of Inspired Oxygen Concentration is also known as?

Answer 8

FIO2

Question 9

#1
The atmosphere contains about \_\_\_% of oxygen

Answer 9

21

Question 10

#1 
what is partial pressure  of oxygen in the alveoli?

Answer 10

This measures the pressure of oxygen dissolved in the blood and how well oxygen is able to move from the airspace of the lungs to the blood

Question 11

Partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli is also known as

Answer 11

PO2

Question 12

PCO2 is known as?

Answer 12

Partial Pressure of Carbon dioxide

Question 13

Partial pressure of Carbon Dioxide is?

Answer 13

this measures the pressure of carbon dioxide dissolved in the blood and well carbon dioxide is able to move out of the body

Question 14

• the letter after the “p” indicates where the gas concentration is being measured

Question 15

*Upper case letter is used “A’” when referring to alveoli

Question 16

*when referring to the arterioles, a lower case “a” is used and a lower case “v” is used for veins

Question 17

What does PACO2 stand for

Answer 17

partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli

Question 18

what is gas transport?

Answer 18

occurs when oxygen crosses the alveolar- capillary membrane into the blood where blood transports it to the tissues

Question 19

Normal breathing patterns depend on what?

Answer 19

Age, normal breathing is smooth, even and regular

Question 20

Does every airway have a defense of the respiratory system

Answer 20

yes

Question 21

The upper airway functions to:

Answer 21

• Warm and humidify inspired air while maintaining the fluid character of the lower airway (this helps determine what kind of mucus is present)
• Clean inspired air (the nose serves as a filter for foreign objects such as dust and irritants
• Protect lower airway from infection and injury due to inspiration (the epiglottis acts as a trap door for preventing large particles into the airway. if these particles make it past the epiglottis, the vocal cords, false cords and epiglottic folds are the secondary protection against aspiration)

Question 22

The lower airway functions to:

Answer 22

• Further clean inspired air
• (protects) with an epithelial layer “MUCUS BLANKET’’ (THE CILIATED CELLS ALLOW MOVEMENT IN THE MUCUS BLANKET CARRYING TRAPPED PARTICLES, MOST LIKELY, BACTERIA UP AN OUT OF THE LOWER AIRWAY)
• “MUSOCILLARY ELEVATOR” (helps remove bacteria) IS COMPOSED OF MACROPHAGES THAT HELP DECREASE THE RISK OF INFECTION BY ENGULFING BACTERIA THAT HAVE MADE IT PAST THE MUCUS BLANKET

Question 23

when irritants are trapped in the nose it causes us to …

Answer 23

sneeze

Question 24

What is the name of the action that helps us clear the lower airways

Answer 24

coughing

Question 25

What are some factors that affect breathing

Answer 25

age
activity level (physical activity or exercise will increase our breathing)
lifestyle (ATHLETES BREATHE SLOWER AND DEEPER AT REST) if so as go check their baseline data or ask them if they are an athlete if so ask them what is their normals

Question 26

What should normal breathing patterns look like?

Answer 26

they should be effortless, smooth, and regular 12-20 bpm in the older child and average adult (10 years old- Adult)

Question 27

Normal breathing patterns: Adults

Answer 27

• breathe 12-20 times per minute
• as an adult, structural and functional changes begi=in to occur:
• the thoracic wall becomes more rigid and our lungs do not stretch as well as they used to due to decline chest muscle strength
• there is a decrease in ciliary activity which we know is what helps protect our lungs from bacteria and other foreign particles entering the airway.
• at the same time, this causes the defense mechanism of coughing to be less effective

Question 28

Normal breathing patterns for OLDER adults:

Answer 28

• breathe 16-25 times per minute ( the thoracic wall becomes more rigid and the lungs become less able to stretch)
• In older clients, most are LESS ACTIVE causing them to be at higher risk for respiratory infections
• The LESS MOVEMENT, the LESS the body can move infectious agents out and use its own defense mechanism to fight off bacteria

Question 29

Factors affecting respiratory function (in vague)

Answer 29

• body position
• environment
• lifestyle and habits
• increased work of breathing

Question 30

* check baseline data to see if the patient that you are handling has COPD. Maybe 12 respirations is normal for them.*

Question 31

when assessing the physical and history of your patient you should take into consideration the following things:

Answer 31

• weather
• geographical location
• air pollution
• pollens and allergens

Question 32

How is the weather affecting the way your patient is breathing?

Answer 32

Some people might find it difficult to breathe with higher temperatures and humidity especially those with chronic respiratory disease because the humidity makes the air thicker

Keep in mind that some asthma patients breathe easier in warm, dry climates while others find damper climates to be soothing.

Question 33

How does changing your location affect your breathing?

Answer 33

Have you ever been to the mountains? this will affect your breathing because the higher the elevation the less O2 there is available for gas diffusion. This causes even healthy people to experience SOB and anxiety intolerance because the partial pressure decreases as altitude increases

Question 34

How does air pollution affect your breathing?

Answer 34

when assessing your patient consider what pollutants they are exposed to at home, work, in the community, etc. Cars or factories may put off harmful irritants such as carbon monoxide. This exposure can inhibit O2 from attaching to hemoglobin in the blood. Some factories produce harmful dust. As you may have heard, research shows that inhaling secondhand smoke has bad effects in respiratory function

Question 35

How do pollen and allergens affect your breathing?

Answer 35

Allergic responses affect your respiration. allergens are what trigger responses. Chemical mediators cause the inflammatory response to an allergen which is the body’s way of ridding itself of anything harmful. Allergic responses can lead to tissue damage. Asthma and hay fever are examples of common allergic responses

Question 36

What are some allergen triggers?

Answer 36

dust
pollen
common foods allergens

Question 37

Educate your patient about these things to help reduce allergy triggers. some allergic reactions can be life-threatening causing bronchospasms which occur when the small airways become edematous, mucous increases, and inflammatory chemical receptors react, the airways become narrow ane air exchange is not affective

Question 38

What are some lifestyles and habits that can affect your respiratory?

Answer 38

smoking
drugs and alcohol
nutrition

Question 39

FYI
ask your patient if they smoke
if they do ask…

Answer 39

for how long have they been smoking?
How many packs do they smoke?

• • smokers usually breathe more rapidly than nonsmokers**
• *smoking inhibits mucus removal and causes airway blockage promoting bacteria**

Question 40

Smoking is also known as?

Answer 40

emphysema, chronic bronchiolitis, lung cancer, oral cancer, and cardiovascular disease

Question 41

If your patient is smoking what should you do?

Answer 41

encourage them to stop smoking

give them resources such as quitlines and AHA has free resources

Question 42

if your patient does drugs what are some things you should take into consideration

Answer 42

some drugs such as opioids, barbiturates, and some sedatives can SLOW respirations by depressing the central nervous system.

Question 43

If your patient is an alcoholic you should take these considerations…

Answer 43

if a client drinks alcohol in large quantities it can have the same effect as drugs. a client could drown in their own vomit and cause them to aspirate it and it can cause pneumonia

Question 44

Nutrition plays a huge part in respiration and we should take the following things into consideration..

Answer 44

it is important for the effective production of plasma proteins and hemoglobin.

Protein is important for respiratory strength because the client has to work harder to breathe. Malnourished patients generally have compromised immune systems and are weaker, which places them at risk for pneumonia and other respiratory infections.

Adequate fluid intake is necessary for thin secretions making coughing up secretions/ septum easier.