Respiratory

Question 1

Functions of the respiratory system

Answer 1

Ventilation
Gas Exchange
Communication
Olfaction

Question 2

Upper Respiratory Tract

Answer 2

External Nose
Nasal Cavity
Pharynx
Larynx* Depends on Source

Question 3

Nose

Answer 3

Composed of bone/cartilage
Nares/Nostrils Bring in Air
Nasal Cavity - Internal cavity divided by the septum

Question 4

Functions of the nose

Answer 4

Filters
Airways for respiration
Speech
Olfactory receptors
Warms air
Sneezing dislodges material from the nose

Question 5

Pharynx

Answer 5

Throat

Passagway for respiratory and digestive system

Question 6

Regions of the pharynx

Answer 6

Nasopharynx - Posterior to nasal cavity - superior - takes in air
Oropharynx - extends from uvula to epoiglotis - takes in food/air/drink
Laryngopharynx - extends from epiglottis to esophagus - food and drink pass through it
Uvula - “little grape” - No known purpose/may be immune system linked - extension of soft palate

Question 7

Larynx and friends

Answer 7

Region in front of the throat/voice box. Made of cartilage. Prevents foor/drink from entering trachea.
Thyroid Cartilage - largest piece of cartilage/”Adam’s Apple”
Epiglottis - piece of cartilage - flap that prevents swallowed materials from entering the larynx.
Vocal Folds/Cords - Source of voice production/air moves past them causing vibration. Force or air determines loudness, tension determines pitch.

Question 8

Laryngitis

Answer 8

Inflamation of vocal cords.
Inability to speak.
Caused by overuse, dry air, and infection.
Treatment - don’t speak/whisper, increasing fulid intake, humidifier.

Question 9

Lower respiratory tract

Answer 9

Trachea
Bronchi
Lungs

Question 10

Trachea

Answer 10

Windpipe
Consists of 16-20 C Shaped bands of cartilage.
Line with cilia/smoking kills cilia
Coughing dislodges material from trachea.
Divides into main bronchi

Question 11

Pleral Membrane and cavities

Answer 11

Pleura - Double Layered membrane around lungs
Parietal pleura - membrane that lines the thoracic cavity
Visceral pleura - membrane that covers the lung’s surface

Question 12

Lungs

Answer 12

Primary organ of respiration.
Rests on diaphragm.
Right lung has 3 lobes, left has 2 because of the heart.
Contaion many air passageways.

Question 13

Bronchial Tree

Answer 13

1 Primary Bronchi
2 Secondary Bronchi
3 Tertiary Bronchi
4 Bronchioles
5 Terminal Bronchioles
6 Respiratory Bronchioles
7 Alveolar Ducts
8 Alveoli

Question 14

Alveoli

Answer 14

Small air sacs where gas exchange occurs
Surrounded by capillaries
300 million in lungs

Question 15

Alveolar Cells

Answer 15

Squamous alveolar cells - flat/tile like - involved in diffusion/gas exchange.
Alveolar macrophages - perform phagocytosis and clean up debris in resp tract
Surfactant cells - produce fluid mixture of lipoproteins/keep lungs from collapsing by decreasing surface tension

Question 16

Respiratory Membrane

Answer 16

Where gas exchange between gas and blood occurs.

Formed by squamous alveolar cells and capillary walls.

Question 17

Surface Area of Respiratory Membrane

Answer 17

Total surface area is 70 square meters(a basketball court).

Decreased by removal of lung tissue or smoking/cancer.

Question 18

Diffusion of gases in lungs

Answer 18

Cells in the body use O2 and produce CO2.
Blood returning from the tissues and entering the lungs has decreased O2 and increased CO2.
O2 diffuses from alveoli into pullmonary capillaries.
CO2 diffuses from capillaries into alveoli.

Question 19

Ventilation

Answer 19

Process of breathing.
Process of moving air in and out of the lungs.
Uses the diaphragm.

Question 20

Phases of Ventilation

Answer 20

Inspiration

Expiration

Question 21

Inspiration

Answer 21

Breathing in.
Uses external intercostal muscles.
Diaphragm descends and rib cage expands.
Thoracic cavity colume increases, pressure decreases.
Atmospheric pressure is greater than alveolar pressure.
Air moves into alveoli(to the area of lower pressure).

Question 22

Expiration

Answer 22

Breathing out
Uses intercostal muscles.
Diaphragm relaxes and rib cage recoilds.
Thoracic cavity colume decreases, pressure increases.
Alveolar pressure is greater than the atmospheric pressure. Aire moves out of the lungs(where pressure is lower).

Question 23

Pressure Changes and Air Flow

Answer 23

When thoracic cavity volume increases the pressure decreases.
When thoracic cavity volume decreases, pressure increases.
Air flows from areas of high to low pressure.

Question 24

Rhythmic Ventilation

Answer 24

Normal respiration rate is 12-20 respirations/min
Controlled by the medulla oblongata.
Rate is determined by the number of times the respiratory muscles are stimulated.

Question 25

Lung Recoil

Answer 25

Tendency for an expanded lung to decrease in size. Occurs during quiet expiration.
Due to elastic fibers thin film of surfactant in alveoli.

Question 26

Factors that influence pulmonary ventilation

Answer 26

Lung elasticity - lungs need to recoil between ventilations.
Lung compliance - expansion of the thoracic cavity/affected if rib cage is damaged.
Respiratory passageway resistance - occurs during an astham attack(constriction of terminal bronchioles), infection of tumor.

Question 27

Pulmonary Volumes

Answer 27

Spirometer - measures pulmoary columes
Tidal volume(TV) - Colume of air inspired/expired during quiet breathing - 500 ML
Inspiratory Reserve Volume(IRV) - Colume of air that can be inspired forcefully during normal inspiration
Expiratory Reserve Volume(ERV) - colume of air that can be expired forcefully after a normal inspiration
Residual Volume(RV) - volume of ir remaining in lungs after maximum expiration
Vital Capactiy(VC) - Max air you can expell after a max inspiration
VC= IRV+ERV+TV

Question 28

Factors that influence pulmonary volumes

Answer 28

Gender - men has high than women
Age - Teens higher than senior citizens
Height - Taller higher than shorter
Weight - Ideal weight higher than over weight/under weight person