Respiratory

Question 1

Pulmonary disease is almost entirely

Answer 1

Environmental rather than genetic

Question 2

major roles of the respiratory system are

Answer 2

Respiration and the exchange of gas

Depends on compliance of lungs and alveoli that are ventilated and perfused

Question 3

What is the effect of ventilation perfusion defects

Answer 3

Alveoli not perfused = ventilatory “dead space”

Alveoli not ventilated= shunting non oxygenated blood to systemic circulation causing cyanosis

Question 4

Mechanism of cyanosis:

Answer 4

Part that has enough vasculature but not enough oxygen

Alveoli are perfused bu not ventilated

Question 5

Tco indicates

Answer 5

Gas exchange

Question 6

vital capacity

Answer 6

Total volume of expired air after a maximum inspiration

Question 7

FEV1

Answer 7

Volume of air forcefully expired in 1 seconds

Question 8

What can cause respiratory failure

Answer 8

Ventilation (air in/out of alveoli) ,perfusion (circulatory), or gas exchange defects (interface between ventilation & perfusion)

Question 9

What can cause airway diseases? Effect?

Answer 9

Atop your, smoking, infection, abnormal lung defense

Obstruction to airflow with consequence of corpulmonale

Question 10

In airways diseases there’s ___ oxygen and ___ CO2 causing

Answer 10

Decreased oxygen
Increased CO2
Leads to pulmonary hypertension leading to cor pulmonale

Question 11

Obstructive and restrictive lung disease both has decreased

Answer 11

FEV1

Question 12

TCO is decreased in

Answer 12

Restrictive lung disease

Question 13

Hyper reactivity of airways that causes bronco constriction

Answer 13

Asthma

Reversible because it is a functional status of the bronchi

Question 14

Asthma can be triggered by

Answer 14

Intrinsic (cold, exercise, aspirin) or extrinsic (inhaled antigen)

Question 15

Muscle spasm of bronchi

Mucosal inflammation

Answer 15

Asthma

Question 16

Alpha 1 antitripin

Answer 16

Deficiency or inactivation by smoking causes COPD

Question 17

Blue bloaters

Answer 17

Bronchitis 
Infection is common 
Cor pulmonale
Increased airway resistance 
Fibrosis in late stages

Question 18

Chronic bronchitis is not reversible because

Answer 18

Hard to undo fibrosis

Question 19

Lost of elastic recoil of lungs, increase in size of the airspace in distal bronchiole

Answer 19

Emphysema

Dilation is due to loss of alveolar walls (holes)

Question 20

Barrel chest in late phase of this disease

Answer 20

Emphysema

Question 21

Which COPD has fibrosis

Answer 21

Chronic Bronchitis

Question 22

Pink puffers

Answer 22

Emphysema

Low elastic recoil

Question 23

Which COPD is associated with antitripsin

Answer 23

Emphysema

Question 24

Early and late stages of interstitial lung disease

Answer 24

Early: alveolitis
Late: fibrosis

Question 25

Site of injury of interstitial lung disease

Answer 25

Alveolar capillary interface

Question 26

Interstitial lung disease causes

Answer 26

Stiffness

Question 27

Hyaline Membranes

Answer 27

ARDS | DADS injury to epi or endo

Question 28

ARDS outcomes

Answer 28

Death or evolve to fibrosis if chronic

Question 29

Interstitial fibrosis of unknown cause is ___. A common sign is ____.

Answer 29

IDF Lung structure replaced by dilated spaces Finger clubbing

Question 30

What occurs if IDF is late in diseases

Answer 30

Honeycomb it patter - fibrotic full of holes

Question 31

Hypersensitivity pneumonitis is AKA _______ and includes which type of hypersensitivities?

Answer 31

``` Extrinsic allergic alveolitis Type III (IC/ LB) and type IV (LT) ```

Question 32

Multi system granulomatous disorder commonly involving lungs

Answer 32

Sarcoidosis

Question 33

Sarcoidosis occurs from ____ and targets___

Answer 33

Exaggerated cellular immune response to an antigen/self antigen. Targets mononuclear inflammatory cells and T helper lymphocytes

Question 34

Steps of sarcoidosis progression in lungs

Answer 34

Begins with alveolitis Leading to granuloma Leading to fibrosis

Question 35

Most common eye manifestation of sarcoidosis

Answer 35

Anterior uveitis

Question 36

What is Herefords syndrome? Where is it seen?

Answer 36

Associated with anterior uveitis AKA uveoparotid fevers * anterior uveitis + parotiditis + fever + CN7 palsy

Question 37

Herefordts Lofgrens Lupus pernio

Answer 37

Sarcoidosis

Question 38

What is lofgrens syndrome

Answer 38

Skin response from sarcoidosis | Hilar adenomapathy,+ joint pains+ erythema Nodosa + lung infiltrate

Question 39

Skin lesions seen in sarcoidosis and TB

Answer 39

Erythema Nodosa : painful red node under the skin

Question 40

What is lupus pernio

Answer 40

Blue purple swollen lensions on nose. Seen in sarcoidosis

Question 41

Diagnosis of sarcoidosis

Answer 41

Elevated ACE & CD4/CD8 ratio Langhans cell Schaumanns bodies (calcification) Gallium 67: Lambda and panda sing

Question 42

Prognosis of sarcoidosis is good bc

Answer 42

It is self limited

Question 43

Lung disease caused by mineral dust exposure and causes scarring of lung tissue

Answer 43

Pneumoconiosis

Question 44

Most dangerous asbestosis is caused by

Answer 44

Straight firbers (amphibole)

Question 45

Coal exposure can cause

Answer 45

Anthracosis without symptoms or coal workers lung with massive fibrosis

Question 46

What can lead to transudate plural disease

Answer 46

Low oncotic pressure | And high hydrostatic pressure

Question 47

Pneumonia that happens when someone undergoes anesthesia

Answer 47

Aspiration pneumonia

Question 48

What pneumonia does not respond to antibiotics

Answer 48

Viral

Question 49

Microorganisms that cause viral pneumonia

Answer 49

Influenza A & B

Question 50

Ocular tuberculosis results from

Answer 50

Hemantogenous spread | Affecting chorio and uvea

Question 51

Typical location of lung for TB

Answer 51

Apices

Question 52

Miliary TB

Answer 52

Disseminated : immunosuppressed | Causes pneumonia

Question 53

Scleritis during TB can occur through

Answer 53

Topical spread

Question 54

Permanent dilatation of 1 or more of the large bronchi is called ___ and a result of ____.

Answer 54

Bronchiectasis a result of destruction of the elastic & muscular component of the bronchial wall following inflammation after infections. RESULTS IN ABSCESS

Question 55

Lung abscess is more common in ____ and results from

Answer 55

R lung resulting from tooth infection and pneumonia