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Human Diseases > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the respiratory system?

A

To transport oxygen from the air to the blood and to remove CO2 from the blood

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2
Q

O2 is necessary for cellular

A

Metabolism

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3
Q

CO2 is a waste product from

A

Metabolism

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4
Q

The upper respiratory tract includes

A

Nasal cavity, Nasopharynx, palatine tonsils, oropharynx,

larynx

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5
Q

The lower respiratory tract includes

A

Trachea and bronchial tree

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6
Q

Palatine Tonsils are

A

Lymphoid tissue in the back portion of the oral cavity

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7
Q

Oropharynx is a passageway for

A

air and food

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8
Q

Epiglottis protects

A

opening into larynx

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9
Q

Epiglottis closes over glottis at swallowing to prevent

A

aspiration

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10
Q

The larynx is

A

2 pairs of vocal cords

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11
Q

The trachea is lined by

A

Pseudo-stratified ciliated E.T

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12
Q

Trachea has C shaped rings over

A

Cartilage

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13
Q

The trachea branches into

A

the bronchial tree

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14
Q

The bronchial tree path

A

Trachea splits into right and left primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli,

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15
Q

Alveoli are lined by _____ and _____ to reduce surface tension and maintain inflation

A

Surfactant and simple squamous E.T

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16
Q

Alveoli are

A

the site for gas exchange and the end point for inspired air

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17
Q

If atmospheric pressure is higher than the pressure in the alveoli

A

inspiration

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18
Q

If pressure in alveoli is higher than in the atmosphere

A

Expiration

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19
Q

Vital Capacity

A

Big breath in and out

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20
Q

Tidal volume

A

capacity during normal breathing

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21
Q

Primary control centers for breathing are located in

A

medulla and pons

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22
Q

Hypercapnia is when

A

CO2 levels in the blood increase, CO2 easily diffuses into CSFluid

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23
Q

Hypercapnia causes

A

hyperventilation, respiratory acidosis(nervous system depression), lowers pH and stimulates respiratory system

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24
Q

Hypocapnia is when

A

CO2 levels in the blood decrease, may be due to hyperventilation

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25
Q

Hypocapnia may cause

A

Respiratory alkalosis

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26
Q

External respiration is

A

flow of gases between alveoli and blood

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27
Q

Gas exchange depends on

A

the partial pressure of the gases

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28
Q

po2 & pco2 mean

A

partial pressure of O2 and CO2

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29
Q

factors that affect diffusion of gases

A

partial pressure gradient, thickness of respiratory membrane, total surface area available, ventilation-perfusion ratio (need to match for maximum gas exchange)

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30
Q

Spirometry is

A

a pulmonary function test to test volumes and airflow times

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31
Q

Arterial blood gas test

A

check O2, CO2, bicarbonate, serum pH levels

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32
Q

Oximetry

A

measures O2 saturation

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33
Q

Exercise tolerance testing

A

for people with chronic pulmonary disease

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34
Q

radiography

A

helpful in evaluating tumors and infections

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35
Q

bronchoscopy

A

used to perform biopsy, check site of lesion or bleeding

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36
Q

culture and sensitivity tests

A

sputum testing for pathogens, determine antimicrobial sensitivity of pathogen

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37
Q

sneezing

A

reflex response to an irritation of the upper respiratory tract, assists in removing irritants. Associated with inflammation or foreign material in nasal passages

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38
Q

Coughing

A

irritation caused by nasal discharge (dripping into oropharynx. Inflammation or foreign material in the lower respiratory tract. Caused by inhaled irritants

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39
Q

what is sputum and what is it an indication of

A

yellow/green mucous and an indicator of a bacterial infection

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40
Q

Rusty dark colored sputum is a sign of

A

pneumococcal pneumonia

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41
Q

large amounts of sputum with an odor

A

bronchiectasis

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42
Q

thick, sticky mucous is a sign of

A

asthma or CF. can have blood from a chronic cough due to ruptured capillaries

43
Q

hemoptysis

A

blood tinged frothy sputum; pulmonary edema

44
Q

eupnea

A

normal breathing (12-20 BPM)

45
Q

kussmaul respirations

A

deep rapid respirations; typical for acidosis or strenuous exercise

46
Q

labored respirations or prolonged inspiration or expiration indicates

A

obstruction of airways

47
Q

wheezing/whistling indicates

A

obstruction of small airways

48
Q

stridor

A

high pitched crowing noise; indicates upper airway obstruction

49
Q

tachy; Brady; apnea

A

fast, slow, no breathing

50
Q

ataxic breathing

A

periods of apnea alternating irregularly with a series of shallow breaths of equal depth

51
Q

cheyne stokes respirations

A

periodic breathing associated with periods of apnea, alternating regularly with a series of respiratory cycles; the respiratory cycle gradually increases , then decreases in rate and depth

52
Q

apneusis

A

long, gasping inspiratory phase followed by a short inadequate expiratory phase

53
Q

rales

A

light bubbling or crackling sounds

54
Q

rhonchi

A

deeper or harsher sounds from thicker mucous

55
Q

absence

A

collapsing of lungs (atelectasis)

56
Q

dyspnea

A

breathing discomfort; increased CO2 or hypoxemia; happens during exertion

57
Q

severe dyspnea includes

A

severe respiratory distress; flaring of nostrils, using accessory respiratory muscles, retraction of muscles between or above ribs

58
Q

orthopnea

A

occurs while laying down; caused by pulmonary congestion

59
Q

paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea

A

sudden acute type of dyspnea, common w left sided congestive heart failure

60
Q

cyanosis is caused by

A

large amounts of unoxygenated hemoglobin in blood

61
Q

pleural pain

A

results from inflammation or infection of parietal pleura

62
Q

friction rub

A

soft sound produced as rough, inflamed, or scarred pleura move against each pother

63
Q

clubbed digits

A

result from chronic hypoxia associated with respiratory or cardiovascular disease

64
Q

hypoexmia

A

lack of O2 in blood

65
Q

hypercapnia

A

increased CO2 in blood

66
Q

infections of upper respiratory tract

A

scarlet fever, common cold, sinusitis, laryngotracheobronchitis, epiglottitis, influenza

67
Q

infections of lower respiratory tract

A

tuberculosis, pneumonia, bronchiolitis, severe acute respiratory syndrome

68
Q

common cold etiology

A

virus infection, most common is rhinoviruses

69
Q

patho of common cold

A

spread via respiratory droplets, very contagious, infections lead to inflammation of membranes

70
Q

treatments for common cold

A

acetaminophen, vasoconstrictors, humidifiers

71
Q

sinusitis etiology

A

usually bacterial infection

72
Q

patho of sinusitis

A

usually secondary to a cold or allergies that block drainage of the sinuses; exudate builds up from inflammation causing the blockage and pressure

73
Q

signs and symptoms of sinusitis

A

pain in facial bones, sore throat, fever, nasal congestion

74
Q

treatment for sinusitis

A

decongestants, analgesics, antibiotics

hard to prevent, avoid smoke

75
Q

laryngotracheobronchitis

A

croup; viral infection (parainfluenza and Adenoviruses

76
Q

patho of laryngotracheobronchitis

A

begins w nasal congestion and cough; inflammation of larynx and subglottic area; results in swelling and exudate which leads to obstruction

77
Q

signs and symptoms of laryngotracheobronchitis

A

most severe at night, barking cough, hoarse voice, stridor on inspiration

78
Q

treatment for laryngo….

A

cool moist air, bronchodilator…good hand washing and coughing hygiene, keep up to date on vaccines

79
Q

etiology of epiglottitis

A

bacterial infection; haemophilus influenza

80
Q

patho of epiglottitis

A

causes swelling of larynx and epiglottis(red round ball)

81
Q

S&S of epiglottitis

A

rapid onset on fever and sore throat, drooling, stridor, tripod position to breathe

82
Q

treatment for epiglottitis

A

Antibiotics and O2

83
Q

Etiology of influenza

A

3 types a, b, c (a most common), mutate constantly, hiders immune system from effecting long term immunity

84
Q

patho of influenza

A

inflammation and exudate, pneumonia, can lead to 2nd bacterial infection

85
Q

scarlet fever etiology

A

bacterial infection named streptococcus progenies

86
Q

patho of scarlet fever

A

exotoxin will induce T cells to release cytokines which leads to inflammation; rash and strawberry tongue due to changing of capillaries

87
Q

S&S of scarlet fever

A

Vomiting, ab pain, fever, chills, sore throat, rash that starts on neck, groin or axillary then spreads to rest of body; has rough sandpaper feel, red blotchy appearance, strawberry tounge

88
Q

treatment for scarlet fever

A

antibiotics and antipyretics

89
Q

bronchiolitis

A

infection by the respiratory syncytial virus

90
Q

patho of bronchiolitis

A

causes necrosis and inflammation of smaller bronchi and bronchioles; leads to edema, bronchospasms, secretions; obstructions occur

91
Q

patho S&S

A

runny nose, coughing/sneezing, congestion, wheezing, dyspnea, rapid/shallow breathing

92
Q

lobar pneumonia (pneumococcal)

A

streptococcus pneumoniae infection

93
Q

patho of lobar pneumonia

A

vascular congestion develop in alveolar wall, exudate interferes with gas diffusion and decreased blood flow to the affected lobe, consolidation of neutrophils, RBC’s and fibrin (forms solid mass)

94
Q

S&S of lobar pneumonia

A

Tachycardia, tachypnea, dyspnea, high fever w chills and fatigue, sudden onset, rales, rust colored sputum, pleuritic pain

95
Q

diagnosis of lobar p.

A

chest x rays and sputum culture

96
Q

treatment for lobar p.

A

Pneumococcal vaccine

97
Q

bronchopneumonia

A

bacterial infection; several causes

98
Q

patho of bronchopneumonia

A

begins in bronchial mucosa and spreads to alveoli, inflammation exudate forms in alveoli disrupting gas exchange

99
Q

S&S of bronchopneumonia

A

insidious onset, fever, cough, rales, yellow/green sputum

100
Q

primary atypical pneumonia

A

mycoplasmal pneumonia; influenza a or b

101
Q

SARS

A

diagnosed in china in 2002; spread via droplets

102
Q

stage 1 of SARS

A

flu like fever, myalgia, chills, anorexia, diarrhea,

103
Q

2nd stage of SARS

A

lung involvement, dry cough and dyspnea

104
Q

tuberculosis

A

once spread through cows milk,

Human Diseases (1 decks)

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