Respiratory Flashcards
(104 cards)
1
Q
What is the function of the respiratory system?
A
To transport oxygen from the air to the blood and to remove CO2 from the blood
2
Q
O2 is necessary for cellular
A
Metabolism
3
Q
CO2 is a waste product from
A
Metabolism
4
Q
The upper respiratory tract includes
A
Nasal cavity, Nasopharynx, palatine tonsils, oropharynx,
larynx
5
Q
The lower respiratory tract includes
A
Trachea and bronchial tree
6
Q
Palatine Tonsils are
A
Lymphoid tissue in the back portion of the oral cavity
7
Q
Oropharynx is a passageway for
A
air and food
8
Q
Epiglottis protects
A
opening into larynx
9
Q
Epiglottis closes over glottis at swallowing to prevent
A
aspiration
10
Q
The larynx is
A
2 pairs of vocal cords
11
Q
The trachea is lined by
A
Pseudo-stratified ciliated E.T
12
Q
Trachea has C shaped rings over
A
Cartilage
13
Q
The trachea branches into
A
the bronchial tree
14
Q
The bronchial tree path
A
Trachea splits into right and left primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli,
15
Q
Alveoli are lined by _____ and _____ to reduce surface tension and maintain inflation
A
Surfactant and simple squamous E.T
16
Q
Alveoli are
A
the site for gas exchange and the end point for inspired air
17
Q
If atmospheric pressure is higher than the pressure in the alveoli
A
inspiration
18
Q
If pressure in alveoli is higher than in the atmosphere
A
Expiration
19
Q
Vital Capacity
A
Big breath in and out
20
Q
Tidal volume
A
capacity during normal breathing
21
Q
Primary control centers for breathing are located in
A
medulla and pons
22
Q
Hypercapnia is when
A
CO2 levels in the blood increase, CO2 easily diffuses into CSFluid
23
Q
Hypercapnia causes
A
hyperventilation, respiratory acidosis(nervous system depression), lowers pH and stimulates respiratory system
24
Q
Hypocapnia is when
A
CO2 levels in the blood decrease, may be due to hyperventilation
25
Hypocapnia may cause
Respiratory alkalosis
26
External respiration is
flow of gases between alveoli and blood
27
Gas exchange depends on
the partial pressure of the gases
28
po2 & pco2 mean
partial pressure of O2 and CO2
29
factors that affect diffusion of gases
partial pressure gradient, thickness of respiratory membrane, total surface area available, ventilation-perfusion ratio (need to match for maximum gas exchange)
30
Spirometry is
a pulmonary function test to test volumes and airflow times
31
Arterial blood gas test
check O2, CO2, bicarbonate, serum pH levels
32
Oximetry
measures O2 saturation
33
Exercise tolerance testing
for people with chronic pulmonary disease
34
radiography
helpful in evaluating tumors and infections
35
bronchoscopy
used to perform biopsy, check site of lesion or bleeding
36
culture and sensitivity tests
sputum testing for pathogens, determine antimicrobial sensitivity of pathogen
37
sneezing
reflex response to an irritation of the upper respiratory tract, assists in removing irritants. Associated with inflammation or foreign material in nasal passages
38
Coughing
irritation caused by nasal discharge (dripping into oropharynx. Inflammation or foreign material in the lower respiratory tract. Caused by inhaled irritants
39
what is sputum and what is it an indication of
yellow/green mucous and an indicator of a bacterial infection
40
Rusty dark colored sputum is a sign of
pneumococcal pneumonia
41
large amounts of sputum with an odor
bronchiectasis
42
thick, sticky mucous is a sign of
asthma or CF. can have blood from a chronic cough due to ruptured capillaries
43
hemoptysis
blood tinged frothy sputum; pulmonary edema
44
eupnea
normal breathing (12-20 BPM)
45
kussmaul respirations
deep rapid respirations; typical for acidosis or strenuous exercise
46
labored respirations or prolonged inspiration or expiration indicates
obstruction of airways
47
wheezing/whistling indicates
obstruction of small airways
48
stridor
high pitched crowing noise; indicates upper airway obstruction
49
tachy; Brady; apnea
fast, slow, no breathing
50
ataxic breathing
periods of apnea alternating irregularly with a series of shallow breaths of equal depth
51
cheyne stokes respirations
periodic breathing associated with periods of apnea, alternating regularly with a series of respiratory cycles; the respiratory cycle gradually increases , then decreases in rate and depth
52
apneusis
long, gasping inspiratory phase followed by a short inadequate expiratory phase
53
rales
light bubbling or crackling sounds
54
rhonchi
deeper or harsher sounds from thicker mucous
55
absence
collapsing of lungs (atelectasis)
56
dyspnea
breathing discomfort; increased CO2 or hypoxemia; happens during exertion
57
severe dyspnea includes
severe respiratory distress; flaring of nostrils, using accessory respiratory muscles, retraction of muscles between or above ribs
58
orthopnea
occurs while laying down; caused by pulmonary congestion
59
paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
sudden acute type of dyspnea, common w left sided congestive heart failure
60
cyanosis is caused by
large amounts of unoxygenated hemoglobin in blood
61
pleural pain
results from inflammation or infection of parietal pleura
62
friction rub
soft sound produced as rough, inflamed, or scarred pleura move against each pother
63
clubbed digits
result from chronic hypoxia associated with respiratory or cardiovascular disease
64
hypoexmia
lack of O2 in blood
65
hypercapnia
increased CO2 in blood
66
infections of upper respiratory tract
scarlet fever, common cold, sinusitis, laryngotracheobronchitis, epiglottitis, influenza
67
infections of lower respiratory tract
tuberculosis, pneumonia, bronchiolitis, severe acute respiratory syndrome
68
common cold etiology
virus infection, most common is rhinoviruses
69
patho of common cold
spread via respiratory droplets, very contagious, infections lead to inflammation of membranes
70
treatments for common cold
acetaminophen, vasoconstrictors, humidifiers
71
sinusitis etiology
usually bacterial infection
72
patho of sinusitis
usually secondary to a cold or allergies that block drainage of the sinuses; exudate builds up from inflammation causing the blockage and pressure
73
signs and symptoms of sinusitis
pain in facial bones, sore throat, fever, nasal congestion
74
treatment for sinusitis
decongestants, analgesics, antibiotics
| hard to prevent, avoid smoke
75
laryngotracheobronchitis
croup; viral infection (parainfluenza and Adenoviruses
76
patho of laryngotracheobronchitis
begins w nasal congestion and cough; inflammation of larynx and subglottic area; results in swelling and exudate which leads to obstruction
77
signs and symptoms of laryngotracheobronchitis
most severe at night, barking cough, hoarse voice, stridor on inspiration
78
treatment for laryngo....
cool moist air, bronchodilator...good hand washing and coughing hygiene, keep up to date on vaccines
79
etiology of epiglottitis
bacterial infection; haemophilus influenza
80
patho of epiglottitis
causes swelling of larynx and epiglottis(red round ball)
81
S&S of epiglottitis
rapid onset on fever and sore throat, drooling, stridor, tripod position to breathe
82
treatment for epiglottitis
Antibiotics and O2
83
Etiology of influenza
3 types a, b, c (a most common), mutate constantly, hiders immune system from effecting long term immunity
84
patho of influenza
inflammation and exudate, pneumonia, can lead to 2nd bacterial infection
85
scarlet fever etiology
bacterial infection named streptococcus progenies
86
patho of scarlet fever
exotoxin will induce T cells to release cytokines which leads to inflammation; rash and strawberry tongue due to changing of capillaries
87
S&S of scarlet fever
Vomiting, ab pain, fever, chills, sore throat, rash that starts on neck, groin or axillary then spreads to rest of body; has rough sandpaper feel, red blotchy appearance, strawberry tounge
88
treatment for scarlet fever
antibiotics and antipyretics
89
bronchiolitis
infection by the respiratory syncytial virus
90
patho of bronchiolitis
causes necrosis and inflammation of smaller bronchi and bronchioles; leads to edema, bronchospasms, secretions; obstructions occur
91
patho S&S
runny nose, coughing/sneezing, congestion, wheezing, dyspnea, rapid/shallow breathing
92
lobar pneumonia (pneumococcal)
streptococcus pneumoniae infection
93
patho of lobar pneumonia
vascular congestion develop in alveolar wall, exudate interferes with gas diffusion and decreased blood flow to the affected lobe, consolidation of neutrophils, RBC's and fibrin (forms solid mass)
94
S&S of lobar pneumonia
Tachycardia, tachypnea, dyspnea, high fever w chills and fatigue, sudden onset, rales, rust colored sputum, pleuritic pain
95
diagnosis of lobar p.
chest x rays and sputum culture
96
treatment for lobar p.
Pneumococcal vaccine
97
bronchopneumonia
bacterial infection; several causes
98
patho of bronchopneumonia
begins in bronchial mucosa and spreads to alveoli, inflammation exudate forms in alveoli disrupting gas exchange
99
S&S of bronchopneumonia
insidious onset, fever, cough, rales, yellow/green sputum
100
primary atypical pneumonia
mycoplasmal pneumonia; influenza a or b
101
SARS
diagnosed in china in 2002; spread via droplets
102
stage 1 of SARS
flu like fever, myalgia, chills, anorexia, diarrhea,
103
2nd stage of SARS
lung involvement, dry cough and dyspnea
104
tuberculosis
once spread through cows milk,
