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Respiratory system - upper and lower respiratory tract/ventilation and gas exchange > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

The exchange of gases between the alveoli and capillaries in the lungs is?

A

External respiration

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2
Q

A factor which promotes external respiration is?

A

A short diffusion distance between alveolus & the capillary

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3
Q

Carbon dioxide is mostly transported in the blood?

A

As bicarbonate ions

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4
Q

The most powerful respiratory stimulant is?

A

Rising CO2 in the blood

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5
Q

The test that measures HCO3- and calculates pH, and measures PCO2 & PO2?

A

Is the arterial blood gas

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6
Q

Haemoglobin releases oxygen more readily to tissues that are?

A

Low in pH

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7
Q

The airway(s) that dilate under the influence of the sympathetic nervous system are

A

The bronchioles

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8
Q

The work of breathing is decreased by?

A

Lungs that are compliant

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9
Q

Quiet exhalation involves?

A

Elastic recoil of the lungs

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10
Q

What structures make up the upper respiratory tract?

A

Nasal cavity, pharynx, nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx & larynx

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11
Q

Describe the pharynx?

A

Pharynx = the throat

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12
Q

Describe the laryngopharynx?

A
  • Passage for food and air
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13
Q

Describe the Larynx?

A
  • Passage way for air
  • Contains vocal cords
  • Initiates cough reflex
  • Mechanisms which control epiglottis
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14
Q

What is the epiglottis?

A

Held open during breathing and is pulled back during swallowing

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15
Q

What is the Trachea?

A

A tubular passage for air

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16
Q

What triggers coughing in the trachea?

A

The mucosa at the carina is extremely sensitive and it triggers coughing when a foreign object touches it

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17
Q

Describe the Bronchi-air conduction

A

Primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi and bronchioles

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18
Q

Describe the Primary bronchi

A

Rings of C-shaped cartilage prevent the bronchi from collapsing.

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19
Q

Describe the secondary bronchi

A

Supply the lobes of each lung
• 3 on right
• 2 on left
Rings of cartilage replaced by strips of cartilage

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20
Q

Describe the tertiary bronchi

A
  • Supply the segments within the lobes of each lung

- Strips of cartilage.

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21
Q

Describe the bronchioles

A

Connect the tertiary bronchi (conduction zone) to the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveoli (gas exchange).

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22
Q

What does surfactant do?

A

Prevents a thin watery liquid film lining the surface of alveoli exerting a force called surface tension
Prevents the alveoli from collapsing

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23
Q

What is lung tissue made out of?

A

Elastic connective tissue

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24
Q

What are the three pleural membranes of the lungs?

A

Visceral pleura - covers the lung
Parietal pleura - Lines the wall of the thoracic cavity
Pleura cavity - contains serous fluid

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25
Q

The structures that deflect air as it passes through the nose are called:

A

Conchae

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26
Q

The anatomical division of the pharynx that is located behind the mouth form the soft palate above to the level of the hyoid bone below is called the:

A

Oropharynx

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27
Q

The structure in the neck known as the “Adam’s apple” is the:

A

Thyroid cartilage

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28
Q

The eustachian tube connects the middle ear with the?

A

Nasopharynx

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29
Q

The small, leaf-shaped cartilage behind the tongue and hyoid bone is the?

A

Epiglottis

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30
Q

The smallest branches of the bronchial tree are?

A

Bronchioles

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31
Q

The function of surfactant is to?

A

Prevent each alveolus from collapsing as air moves in and out during respiration.

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32
Q

Cellular respiration occurs in the?

A

Mitochondria

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33
Q

The small openings in the cribriform plate function to?

A

Allow branches of the olfactory nerve to enter the cranial cavity and reach the brain.

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34
Q

Ciliated cells lining the respiratory tract help?

A

Move the mucus blanket toward the pharynx.

35
Q

Which muscles are used for forced expiration?

A

Abdominal muscles and internal intercostals

36
Q

Vital capacity is defined as the?

A

Maximum volume of air that can be moved into and out of the lungs during forced respiration.

37
Q

The diaphragm is stimulated by which nerve?

A

The phrenic nerve

38
Q

The muscles involved in normal inspiration are?

A

The external intercostals and the diaphragm

39
Q

Carbon dioxide is transported in blood by which of the following ways

A

As bicaronate ions, dissolved in plasma and bound to haemoglobin

40
Q

Chemoreceptors are most sensitive to?

A

Small increases in PCO2 levels

41
Q

The rate and depth of breathing is controlled by the:

A

Medulla oblongata and pons

42
Q

Functions of the respiratory system?

A
  • Supplies oxygen and remove carbon dioxide
  • Filters warms and humidifies air
  • Regulation of pH
  • Olfaction (sense of smell)
  • Voice production
  • Respiratory pump for venous and lymph return
43
Q

What are the air passages to the alveoli

A
  • Nose
  • Pharynx (nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx)
  • Larynx
  • Trachea
  • Bronchi
  • Bronchioles
  • Terminal bronchioles ( to alveoli)
44
Q

What is the nose divided into?

A

External nose and nasal cavity (internal portion)

45
Q

What is the trachea?

A

Passage way for air

46
Q

What is the oesophagus?

A

Passage way for food

47
Q

What are the protective mechanisms of the nasal cavity?

A
  • Filters and traps dust, bacteria and debris

- Lined by mucus membranes

48
Q

What is the epiglottis?

A

Elastic cartilage that acts as a switching mechanism to cover the pathway to the trachea when u are swallowing. It is held open when breathing and pulled back during swallowing

49
Q

Why are there so many blood vessels in the nose?

A

To help warm the incoming air to body temperature (it can also cool the air within a degree)

50
Q

What are the functions of the larynx?

A
  • Passage way for air
  • Epiglottis
  • Contains vocal cords
  • Initiates cough reflex
51
Q

What is the glottis?

A

Consists of vocal cords and space between them

52
Q

Describe the correct anatomical structures of the bronchioles?

A
  • Contains smooth muscles and no cartilage

- Under sympathetic and parasympathetic control to increase or decrease the diameter to modify airflow

53
Q

Describe the correct anatomical structures of the trachea?

A
  • Contains C shape ring of cartilage
  • Extends from the larynx and branches into the two primary bronchi
  • Lined with ciliated pseudo-stratified columnal epithelium
  • Protects and maintains patency of airflow
54
Q

Describe the correct anatomical structures of the larynx?

A
  • Provides a passage for air
  • Contains the vocal folds to produce sound
  • Enables cough reflex to prevent anything other than air from entering the lower respiratory system
  • Contains the epiglottis to prevent food and water passing into the trachea
55
Q

Describe the correct anatomical structures of the Nasal cavity?

A
  • Warms, moistens and filters inspired air
  • Contain olfactory epithelium to detect smell
  • Serves as a resonating chamber for speech
    Lies over roof of mouth
  • Lined by mucus membranes
56
Q

Define lung compliance

A

Ease at which lungs and thorax expand on inspiration

57
Q

Define lung recoil

A

Ease at which lungs and thorax return to resting position on expiration

58
Q

Define airway resistance

A

Resistance to airflow through the respiratory tract during inhalation and exhalation

59
Q

Identify four factors that could increase airway resistance

A
  • Bronchoconstriction of bronchial smooth muscles
  • Mucus or secretion in airway
  • Narrowed airways from oedema
  • Alveolar collapse
60
Q

During quiet inhalation which muscles contract?

A

External intercostals and diaphragm

61
Q

During quiet exhalation which muscles contract?

A

None

62
Q

During forced inhalation which muscles contract?

A

External intercostals & diaphragm plus scalene sternocleidomastoid and pectorails

63
Q

During forced exhalation which muscles contract?

A

Abdominals and internal intercostals

64
Q

The structures that deflect air as it passes through the nose are called?

A

Conchae

65
Q

The anatomical division of the pharynx that is located behind the mouth from the soft palate above to the level of the hyoid bone below is called the:

A

Oropharynx

66
Q

The structure in the neck known as the “Adam’s apple” is called the?

A

Thyroid cartilage

67
Q

The eustachian tube connects the middle ear with the:

A

Nasopharynx

68
Q

The small, leaf-shaped cartilage behind the tongue and hyoid bone is the:

A

Epiglottis.

69
Q

The smallest branches of the bronchial tree are:

A

Bronchioles

70
Q

Gas exchange, the lungs’ main and vital function, takes place in the:

A

Alveoli

71
Q

The function of surfactant is to:

A

Prevent each alveolus from collapsing as air moves in and out during respiration.

72
Q

What does the cribriform plate do?

A

It separates the nasal and cranial cavities.

73
Q

Cellular respiration occurs:

A

In the mitochondria

74
Q

The small openings in the cribriform plate function to

A

Allow branches of the olfactory nerve to enter the cranial cavity and reach the brain.

75
Q

Ciliated cells lining the respiratory tract:

A

Help move the mucus blanket toward the pharynx.

76
Q

Anatomically, how does the right bronchus differ from the left bronchus, and what effect might this have on the aspiration of objects?

A

The right bronchus is slightly larger and more vertical than the left. This anatomical fact helps explain why aspirated foreign objects frequently lodge in the right bronchus.

77
Q

What aspects of the structure of lung tissue make efficient gas exchange possible?

A

The enormous surface area and the respiratory membrane, where the very thin-walled alveoli and equally thin-walled pulmonary capillaries make possible extremely rapid diffusion of gases between alveolar air and pulmonary capillary blood

78
Q

Vital capacity is defined as the:

A

Maximum volume of air that can be moved into and out of the lungs during forced respiration.

79
Q

The muscles involved in normal inspiration are:

A

The external intercostals and the diaphragm

80
Q

Carbon dioxide is transported in blood by which of the following ways

A

As bicaronate ions, dissolved in plasma and bound to haemoglobin

81
Q

The rate and depth of breathing is controlled by the:

A

Medulla oblongata and pons

82
Q

Define lung compliance

A

The ease with which the lungs and thoracic wall can be expanded

83
Q

Describe two influences on lung compliance

A
  • Elasticity of lung tissue with inspiration

- Surface tension inside the alveoli

Respiratory system - upper and lower respiratory tract/ventilation and gas exchange (3 decks)

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