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A&P Test 3 > Respiratory 1 > Flashcards

Respiratory 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Pulmonary ventilation

A

moving air into and out of the lungs

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2
Q

External respiration

A

gas exchange between the lungs and the blood

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3
Q

Transport

A

– transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and tissues

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4
Q

Internal respiration

A

gas exchange between systemic blood vessels and tissues

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5
Q

Bronchial arteries

A

From aorta; 2% of cardiac output
Bronchial veins drain into pulmonary veins
Do not take part in gas exchange “physiological shunt”

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6
Q

Pulmonary arteries

A

Bring deoxygenated blood from right ventricle

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7
Q

FUNTIONS OF NOSE

A 
Heat and moister exchanger (HME)
Air conditioning
100% humidification  and
Warming  the inspired air
Filtration, by nasal hairs
Up to 6 micrometer particles
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8
Q

Conductive zone

A

Consists of nose, pharynx, trachea (10 to 12 cm long), bronchi, bronchioles, and terminal bronchioles. Cartilage is present only in the trachea and bronchi. Brings air in and out. Warms, humidifies, filter air. Anatomic dead space. Walls of conducting airways contain smooth muscle

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9
Q

Respiratory zone

A

Consists of respiratory bronchioles, alveolar duct, and alveoli (300 millions in each lung). Participate in gas exchange

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10
Q

Larynx- what is it?

A

Voice Box

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11
Q

The three functions of the larynx are

A

To provide a patent airway
To act as a switching mechanism to route air and food into the proper channels
To function in voice production

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12
Q

where does the larynx attach?

A

Attaches to the hyoid bone and opens into the laryngopharynx superiorly
Continuous with the trachea posteriorly

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13
Q

Epiglottis

A

elastic cartilage that covers the laryngeal inlet during swallowing

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14
Q

Cartilages (hyaline) of the larynx

A

Shield-shaped anterosuperior thyroid cartilage with a midline laryngeal prominence (Adam’s apple)
Signet ring–shaped anteroinferior cricoid cartilage
Three pairs of small arytenoid, cuneiform, and corniculate cartilages

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15
Q

Vallecula epiglottica

A

The depressions on either side of the median glossoepiglottic fold.

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16
Q

what does the Thyroid form?

A

largest cartilage forms the adams apple

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17
Q

cricoid what is the beginning of?

cricoid is where anatomically?

A

forms the beginning of the trachea.

most inferior-

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18
Q

Narrowest point of larynx: In adult

A

between the vocal cords

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19
Q

Narrowest point of larynx: In child

A

below cords at cricoid

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20
Q

False vocal cords- where are they found?

A

Mucosal folds superior to the true vocal cords

Have no part in sound production

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21
Q

Vocal Ligaments attach ____ to _____

A

Attach the arytenoid cartilages to the thyroid cartilage

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22
Q

Vocal Ligaments composed of what?

how do they produce sound?

A

Composed of elastic fibers that form mucosal folds called true vocal cords
The medial opening between them is the glottis
They vibrate to produce sound as air rushes up from the lungs

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23
Q

Speech vocal production?

A

intermittent release of expired air while opening and closing the glottis

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24
Q

Pitch production?

A

determined by the length and tension of the vocal cords

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25
Q

Loudness

A

– depends upon the FORCE at which the air rushes across the vocal cords

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26
Q

what does the pharynx do for vocal production

A

resonates, amplifies and enhances sound quality.

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27
Q

how is sound shaped?

A

it is shaped into language by action of the pharynx, tongue, soft palate, and lips

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28
Q

when is the larynx closed?

A

during coughing, sneezing and valsalvas maneuver

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29
Q

what is the valsalvas maneuver?

what are the functions of valsalvas maneuver?
3things

A

when air is held in the lower respiratory tract by closing the glottis.

causes intra-abdominal pressure to rise when abdominal muscles contract.

helps empty the rectum

stabilize the trunk when lifting heavy loads.

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30
Q

LarynX is supplied by

A

X cranial nerve (Vagus)

31
Q

Superior laryngeal nerve (major sensory nerve) has two branches

A

Internal laryngeal nerve

External laryngeal nerve

32
Q

Superior laryngeal nerve motor to what muscle?

A

cricothyroid muscle

33
Q

Posterior cricoarytenoid

A

abduct (open/dilate) the cords

34
Q

lateral cricoarytenoid

A

adduct (close) the cords

35
Q

Cricothyroid

A

cords tighten

36
Q

thyroarytenoid

A

they relax

37
Q

Sensations above the vocal cord

A

internal laryngeal nerve

38
Q

sensations below the cords

A

recurrent laryngeal nerve

39
Q

stimulation of internal laryngeal nerve results in?

A

laryngospasm

40
Q

injury to recurrent laryngeal nerve results in

A

paralysis of cricoarytenoid vocal cords cannot come together-hoarseness

most common injury after subtotal thyroidectomy.

41
Q

bilateral injury to recurrent laryngeal nerve results in

A

stridor, aphonia

42
Q

transverse arytenoids

A

Closes rima glottidis

43
Q

Oblique arytenoids

A

Controls sphincters to vestibules; decreases volume of larynx (narrows the inlet)

44
Q

Aryepiglottics

A

Controls sphincters to vestibules(narrows the inlet)

45
Q

Thyroepiglottics

A

Controls sphincters to vestibules (widens the inlet)

46
Q

Cricothyroids

A

Increases vocal cord tension ( tenses the cord)

47
Q

Thyroarytenoids

A

Reduces cord tension ( relaxes the cord)

48
Q

Damage to external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve results

A

Paralysis of cricothyroid muscle

The vocal cords cannot be tensed

Weakness and huskiness of voice

49
Q

Unilateral Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve damage

A

Most common injury after subtotal thyroidectomy
Paralyze (flaccid) cord assumes an intermediate position (midway between abduction and adduction)
Characterize by hoarseness

50
Q

Bilateral Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve damage

A

Both cords paralyzed (floppy) leads to aphonia
Each paralyzed cord assumes an intermediate position (midway between abduction and adduction) “adductor paralysis”
The cords can flop together causing airway obstruction during inspiration
Intubation is required
Extremely rare

51
Q

Hoarseness after subtotal thyroidectomy may be caused by damage to
2 possibilities

A

Unilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve (most common) OR

External branch of superior laryngeal nerve

52
Q

Stridor after thyroidectomy may result from

2 things

A

Hypocalcemia (tense cord due to tetany) OR

Bilateral damage to recurrent laryngeal nerve (floppy cords)

53
Q

Respiratory Epithelium tell me about cilia

A

Pseudo-stratified columnar ciliated epithelium
Cilia clear the passageways- “house keepers”
Goblet cells secret mucus
Smoking knocks down cilia lead to no house keeping leading to stasis leads to infections

54
Q

Respiratory Membrane“blood/gas barrier- total surface area

A

70m2

55
Q

Diffusion Capacity of lung for Carbonmonoxide(DLCO)

A

Reduced DLCO indicates disrupted alveolar capillary surface

Abnormal in emphysema and interstitial fibrosis with destruction of lung parenchyma

Very small amount of CO (0.3%) is used

56
Q

Expiration

A

is normally “passive” process

57
Q

what happens after inspiration to the lung chest wall system

A

it returns to its resting position after inspiration due to its elasticity

58
Q

expiratory muscles name the 5

A 
rectus abdominis
tranversus abdominis
internal oblique
external oblique
internal intercostal
59
Q

when are expiratory muscles used

A

during exercise or when airway resistance is high (asthma)

60
Q

what is the most important muscle for inspiration

A

diaphragm

61
Q

name the inspiratory muscles (4)

A

diaphragm, external intercostals, scalene, sternomastoids muscles

62
Q

what type of process of inspiration

A

its an active process

63
Q

Normal value of dead space

A

150ml= wasted ventilation

64
Q

factors that increase dead space (7)

A

pulmonary vascular disease

pulmonary embolism

copd

ards

pulmonary fibrosis

shock

old age

positive pressure ventilation

65
Q

factors that decrease dead space

A

artificial airways (due to narrow diameter)

66
Q

Anatomical dead space

A

Is the volume of the conducting airways where no gas exchange occur
Normally = 150 ml [ 2ml/kg]

67
Q

Alveolar dead space

A

is the volume of air that enters non-perfused or poorly perfused alveoli. Normally = zero

68
Q

Physiological dead space

A

Anatomical DS+ Alveolar DS
Is volume of lung that does not participate in gas exchange
Is approximately equal to the anatomical dead space in normal lung
May be greater that the anatomical dead space in lung disease, in which there are V/Q inequalities e.g. shunting or alveolar collapse

69
Q

Minute ventilation

A

Sum of all exhaled gas volume in 1 minute
Minute ventilation =Tidal volume x Breaths/min
= 5 L/min

70
Q

Alveolar ventilation:

A

Volume of inspired gases actually taking part in gas exchange in 1 minute
PCO2 indicates alveolar ventilation
Alveolar ventilation = (Tidal Volume-Dead space) x Breaths/min

71
Q

tell me about the diaphragm

A

most important muscle of inspiration. dome-shaped sheet of muscle which separate the thoracic and abdominal cavities. It acts like a piston. to initiate inspiration it contracts causing it to descend. this action increases intrathoracic volume and decreases the intrathoracic pressure below atmospheric pressure allowing air to enter the lungs down its pressure gradient.

72
Q

how much does the diaphragm account for

A

75% of tidal volume during normal quiet respiration

73
Q

which supplies the diaphragm

A

the phrenic nerve C3,4,5

74
Q

pain from the diaphragm is referred where?

A

shoulder

A&P Test 3 (4 decks)

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