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VETM 425 > Respiratory 1 > Flashcards

Respiratory 1 Flashcards

1
Q

the respiratory system is divided into 3 compartments which are?

A

conducting system (nasal cavity, sinuses, larynx, tranchea, and bronchi), transitional system (bronchioles, exchange system (alveoli)

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2
Q

the mucosa of the conducting system consits of

A

ciliated epithelium and goblet cells that produce mucus

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3
Q

the mucosa of the transitional system consists of

A

specialized mucousa containing layers of ciliated and secretory cells such as club cells. NO goblet cells normally

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4
Q

the exchange system is lined with

A

type 1 pneumocytes

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5
Q

the upper respiratory tract includes:

A

nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, auditory tubes, guttoral pouches, air sacs, pharynx, larynx, trachea

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6
Q

the lower respiratory tract includes

A

the lungs (bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli)

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7
Q

the nasal cavity is divided by what?

A

curved shelves of bone covered in mucous membrane called turbinates or conchae

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8
Q

Narrow spaces between meatuses where air circulates are called?

A

metastases

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9
Q

the pharyngeal diverticulum is an anatomical feature of which species?

A

pigs

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10
Q

list 5 functionsof the respiratory system

A
  • air conduction -moving air from outside into lungs
  • air conditioning- turbinates and sinuses increase SA, allowing for exchange of heat and moisture
    -air filtration and immune defence
    -smell
    -vocalization
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11
Q

what kind of cells line the nasal planum and mucucutaneous junctions?

A

stratified squamous epithelium

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12
Q

what kind of cells line the conducting and transitional portions of the respiratory tract?

A

pseudostratified ciliated epithelium with goblet cells

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13
Q

which type of respiratory lining cells are sensitive to injury?

A

ciliated respiratory epithelium and olfactory epithelium (not stratified squamous)

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14
Q

list some factors that can impair defence mechanisms

A

viral infections, immunodeficinecy, stress, dehydration, pulmonary edema, uremia

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15
Q

what is choanal atresia?
what species is it the most common in?

A

a congenital malfomration in which there is a failure of the formation of the communication between the nasal cavity and the nasopharynx, usually bilateral
most common in camelids

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16
Q

what are the clinical signs of choanal atresia?

A

difficulty breathing or open mouth breathing, weakness or aspiration pnemonia

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17
Q

what is brachycephalic airway syndrome?
what are the 3 congenital components?

A

airway syndrome in brachycephalic breeds of dogs and cats
Congenital components:
1. stenotic nares
2. elongated soft palate
3. tracheal/laryngeal hypoplasia

congenital malfomrations lead to increased respiratory effort, which leads to secondary problems

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18
Q

Clinical manifestations of brachycephalic airway syndrome?

A

congenital malfomrations lead to increased respiratory effort, which leads to secondary acquired problems

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19
Q

What are secondary acquired malformations of brachycephalic airway syndrome?

A
  • everted laryngeal saccules
  • everted tonsils
  • hypertrophied and folded pharyngeal mucousa
  • laryngeal edema
  • tracheal collpase

All of these make it even harder to breath

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20
Q

Congenital components of Brachycephalic airway syndrome lead to secondary acquired components which lead to what?

A

Airway obstruction (inspiratory dyspnea)

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21
Q

A yorkshire terrier, 6 years old, presents to you with a honking cough and exercise intolerance. what is your likely diagnosis and what is the pathogenesis?

A

tracheal collpase

dorsal ventral flattening of the trachea (changes form C shaped rings to D shaped)

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22
Q

You are presented with a horse that is making a respiratory noise and has been preforming poorly since it was born. What is a likely differential and what is the pathogenesis?

A

Hypoplastic epiglottis
- the epiglottis is smaller than it should be, leading to epiglottic entrapment and/or dorsal displacement of the soft palate which interferes with air conduction into the lungs

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23
Q

What is the name for the disease that is often seen in older thoroughbred or arabian horses arising from the ethmoid turbinates? what is the pathogenesis?

A

progressive ethmoid hematomas
pathogenesis unknown

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24
Q

what is a common signalment for a patient with nasopharyngeal polyps?

A

young cat with sneezing, nasal discharge (if in nose), ataxia, horner’s facial paralysis, dyspena (if in middle year) , gagging, dysphagia (if in pharynx)

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25
Q

you are presented with a horse with a loud roaring sound when breathing. what is your diagnosis? what is the pathogenesis? *

A

equine laryngeal paralysis
usually affects the left side, idiopathic

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26
Q

Why is the the left side of the larynx typically affected with equine laryngeal paralysis?

A

Because the axons of the left recurrent nerve are much longer and therefore more susceptible to damage

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27
Q

On clinical exam or necropsy what are gross lesions of equine laryngeal paralysis?

A

Decreased muscle mass on the larynx of the affected side, if right side affected lesions much less severe

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28
Q

What are two things that cause equine laryngeal paralysis and what’s different about these cases? *

A

Anesthesia and hepatic encephalopathy. Most often BILATERAL when caused by these

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29
Q

What is this pathology?

A

Left sided equine laryngeal paralysis

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30
Q

what is a common signalment for canine laryngeal paralysis?

A

older male large breed dogs

31
Q

What are 2 major difference between equine and k9 laryngeal paralysis? *

A

In K9s its most often BILATERAL and is often part of a generalized neruomuscular disorder (hypothyroidism or myasthenia gravis)

In both is often idiopathic

32
Q

Laryngeal or tracheal edema is often secondary to

A

acute inflammation such as anaphylaxis, atypical interstisial pneumonia, edema disease in pigs

Not the same as foam in the trachea it is edema of the actual tissue

33
Q

Honker’s Syndrome is the lay term for which disease?

A

tracheal edema and hemorhage syndrome

34
Q

What is the pathogenesis of tracheal edema and hemorhage syndrome? And what animals is it commonly seen in?

A

Not sure but suspected rapid breathing combined with increased intratracheal pressure causes mechanical injury to the tracheal mucosa, leading to inflammation, edema, hemorrhage and swollen tissue protuding into the airways. (vicous cycle)

heavier cattle in feedlot cattle during summer

35
Q

What is rhinitis?

A

Inflammation of the mucus membranes of the nose

36
Q

What is sinusitis?

A

Inflammation of the the mucus membranes of the sinuses

37
Q

Name the types of inflammation in the upper respiratory tract? *

A

1) Serous
2) Catarrhal
3) Purulent/ suppurative
4) Fibrinous
5) Granulomatous

38
Q

Describe serous rhinitis inflammation of the upper respiratory tract

A

red runny node producing clear watery fluid. Mild concern.

39
Q

Describe catarrhal inflammation of the upper respiratory tract

A

Like serous but with more thick clear mucus, like an ugly cry snotty mess, may be indicitave of chronic rhinitis

40
Q

Describe purulent/supprative inflammation of the upper respiratory tract

A

Neotrophilic exudate and mucosal necrosis. Usually associated with bacterial or fungal infection. “Boston cream doughnut”

41
Q

Describe Fibrinous inflammation of the upper respiratory tract

A

Supprative inflammation with increased vascular permeability, assocoated with bacterial or fungal infection, runny scrambelled eggs

42
Q

Describe catarrhal inflammation of the upper respiratory tract

A

usually associated with fungi infection or mycobacteria, will look cottage cheese like, associated with chronic inflammation

43
Q

inclusion body viral rhinitis is caused by what virus? what kind of inflammation does it produce?

A

suid herpes virus 2 in pigs, catarrhal

44
Q

name the disease caused by bovine herpesvirus 1, which causes fever, anorexia, tachypnea, mucopurluent discharge, dyspnea, open mouth breathing, mucosal hyperemia

A

infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, purulent discharge

45
Q

what do the lesions look like with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis?

A

Lesions are hyperemia, with petechial hemorrhage and pustules. Later, a fibrinonecrotic membrane forms, due to sloughing of necrotic epithelial cells and leakage of serum from inflamed capillaries

46
Q

what is a diagnosis that grossly might look similar to infectious bovine rhinotracheitis?

A

aspiration of chemical irritants like stomach acid, or bovine parainfluenza 3

47
Q

Kittens with crusty runny noses and crusty eyes, fever and coughing could have?

A

feline upper respiratory infection due to feline herpesvirus 1

Only systemic in kitten usually just crusty eyes and nose in latent infection in adults

48
Q

what are the clinical signs of feline calicivirus? And which one is not common with feline herpes virus? *

A

ocular and nasal discharge, conjunctivitis and tongue ulcers (remember, oral ulcers are not common with feline herpesvirus)

49
Q

What virus is likely here? Why?

A

Feline Calicivirus- tongue ulcers

50
Q

START HERE

A
51
Q

______ is clinically similar to feline herpesvirus 1, with milkd conjunctivitis and mucopurulent rhinitis

A

clamydia felis (intracellular bacteria)

52
Q

what is atrophic rhinitis?
what are the two forms and causes of each form?

A

atrophic rhinitis causes permanent atrophy of the nasal turbinates/choncae. without the turbinates, a lot f the defence mechanisms are gone and predisposes the animal to infections/diseases
Non progessive atrophic rhinitis caused by: bordetella bronchispetica, sneezing and nasal discharge
progriessive atorgic rhinitis caused by: pasturella multocida, prodution of cytotoxins and inhibit bone formation and promote bone resorption

53
Q

pasturella multocida is note able to colonize the nasal mucosa very well unless ______. This is most commonly done by _____

A

the mucosal surface has been ulcerated by another pathogen
bordetella bronchiseptica

54
Q

the diagnosis of progressive atrophic rhinitis requires ______. Why?

A

PCR or ELISA because you have to identifo the toxins produced by pasturella multocida. many strains will show up on culture that do NOT produce toxins, so in order to find out if it is truly PAR, you NEED to do PCR or ELISA to detect the toxins

55
Q

equine strangles is caused by ______. is this a commonsealistic bacteria?

A

streptococcus equi equi
NO it is truly pathogenic

56
Q

about 20% of horses with strangles will develop complications such as:

A

guttural pouch empyema, pneumonia, bastard strangles, purapura hemorrhagia/vasculitis

57
Q

the most common cause of fungal rhinitis in dogs is ______. What do the gross lesions look like? How do animals get sick with this fungus?

A

aspergillus fumigatus
a yellow, green, or black fungal mass on the nasal turbinates
it is a normal environmental fungus, so something else must predispose the animal to infection such as immune suppression

58
Q

what are the two clinically significant species of cryptococcus?

A

cryptococcus neoformans
cryptococcus gatti
THEY ARE BOTH ZOONOTIC

59
Q

when dogs get a single unilateral nasal polyp, what is the likely culprit?

A

rhinosporidiosis fungus, causes granulomatous rhinitis

60
Q

sheep bot flies called ____ can cause parasitic rhinitis in sheep. what is the pathogenesis? What are clinical signs of severse cases?

A

oestrus ovis
flies deposit larvae on the nares, and the larva emigrate into the nasal turbinates and sinuses, where they mature into maggots. infection is usually subclinical, maybe some sneezing.
severe causes cause neurologic signs–> the maggots die and cause secondary bacterial infections that can erode into the cribiform plate into the brain

61
Q

dogs can get parasitic disease of the upper respiratory system caused by ____. What is the pathogenesis?

A

oslerus osleri, trachal nematodes
worms from nodules at the tracheal bifurcation, the eggs are then coughed up and swallowed. these nodules can narow the lumen making it difficult to breathe

62
Q

what is the most common nasal carcinoma in the dog? how about in cats and horses?

A

adenocarcinoma
squamous cell carcinoma

63
Q

what is the most common upper resp tract tumor in cats?

A

nasal lymphoma

64
Q

what is enzootic nasal tumor?

A

a viral associated tumor in sheep caused by enzootic nasal tumor viruses

65
Q

the mucosa f the conducting system and some of the transitional system is composed of ________ cells. as you go further down into the lungs, the number of ____ cells decreases

A

pseudostratified, ciliated, respiratory epithelial
ciliated

66
Q

the amount of ____ and ____ decreases as the diamater decreases

A

cartilage, smooth muscle

67
Q

at the level of the bronchioles, there is no more____ or ____, but there is still some ____

A

cartilage, glands, smooth muscle

68
Q

type I penumocytes are specialized for ____ and are incapable of ____
type II penumocytes secrete what and do what?

A

gas exchange, cell division
surfactant, progenitor cells for type I pneumocytes

69
Q

what is the blood-air barrier composed of?

A

alveolar surfactant, type I penumocytes, basal lamina of the type I cells, intersitial connective tissue, basal lamina of capillary endothelial cell, capillary endothelial cell
IN SIMPLE TERMS:
type I pneumocyte cytoplasm, dual basal lamina (fusion of basement membranes of both cells), and cytoplasm of endothelial cell

70
Q

what are the 3 reasons the respiratory system is vulnerable to injury?

A

extensive surface area of the alveoli, the large volume of air going into the lungs, high concentrations of noxious elements present in the air

71
Q

what do alveolar marchophages do?

A

phagocytize inhaled dust particles and other foregi material

72
Q

what do club cells do?

A

detoxify xenobiotics via oxidases, secrete protective secretions against oxidative stress and inflammation, produce surfactant

73
Q

why is respiratory disease so prevalent if the defecnes are so effective?

A

if the defenses are impaired, the efficinecy of the lung to eliminate bacteria is greatly decreased

74
Q

besides bacteria and viruses, what factors can impair pulmonary bacterial clearances ?

A

lung edema, dehydration, uremia, stress, immunodeficinecy, ammonia

VETM 425 (2 decks)

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