respiratory 1 Flashcards
respiration = ____, specifically…
gas exchange b/w environment and organism
specifically, the uptake of oxygen and the excretion of CO2
describe the steps of gas exchange during respiration
oxygen uptake: get oxygen from environment into lungs –> get oxygen from lung into blood –> oxygen transported to circulatory system by blood in bulk transport –> exchange b/w blood and tissues –> O2 then exchanged b/w intracellular parts of tissue and mitochondria where it is used by oxidative phosphorylation to generate ATP (that process in mitochondria produces CO2, the major toxic waste product from carbohydrate metabolism) –> starts taking reverse route to be eliminated from body, CO2 diffuses from mitochondria into tissue –> from tissue to blood –> carried in bulk transport to lung where it diffused from blood into airspace in lung –> expelled into atmosphere
list the 5 respiration events by name
1- breathing/ventilation (air from environment into lungs)
2- external respiration (exchange of gases b/w air in lungs & blood)
3- gas transport by blood (bulk transport- transport of O2 to body cells & return of CO2)
4- internal respiration (exchange gases b/w blood and body cells)
5- cellular respiration (actual use of oxygen in processes to generate ATP and production of Co2)
in general, lungs hold ___L of air, they have a huge ____…
lungs weigh ___, and at rest, contain ___ mL of blood…can hold ___mL during exercise
4L, huge surface area (75-80 sq meters)
600 grams, contain 60-140 mL of blood –> it increases during exercise, can hold up to 200 mL of blood when heart pumping blood into lungs thru exercise
structurally, lungs can be divided into 2 structural groups:
airways (upper & lower) and terminal lung sacs (alveoli)
airways of the lungs can be divided into ___ and ___, which each consist of…
upper airways: nose, sinuses, pharynx, vocal cords
lower airways: trachea, left & right bronchus, bronchioles
airways of the lung have 3 functions:
1- deliver air into deep parts of lung (into alveoli, terminal airsacs)
2- warm the air, airways give up a little bit of heat so that its as close to core body temp when in deepest parts of lungs)
3- moisturize the air (as breathe in, add a little bit of water vapor to air to prevent deep parts of lungs from drying out)
overall, the functions of the airways of the lung do what?
condition the air as it goes into lungs, they act as first line of defense to keep germ-free
describe the structural branching of the lower airways
trachea branch into left & right bronchus –> these branch into about 1 million bronchioles in the lung –> the alveoli (terminal air sacs) branch off the ends of the bronchioles (300 alveoli at the end of each bronchiole, so 300 million alveoli in lungs)
how much volume of air does the nose hold?
volume of air that goes b/w lungs per day = ___
describe nose
20 mL of air
10,000-15,000 L of air
- nose has huge surface area due to all the folds called the nasal terminae
- lots of secretory cells in nose that secrete immunoglobulins, interferons help keep the air sterile as you breathe in
- nasal cavity acts as a filter (lined with hairs), anything above 10 microns gets filtered out
- surrounding nose are sinus cavities- lined with cilia, mucus-producing cells (trap particles & clear sinus cavity)
what do the lower airways function in? what are the cell types in them?
function in defense
epithelial cells & goblet cells (5:1 ciliated cells to goblet cells)
epithelial cells of the lower airways are lined with ___ that face…
why do airway epithelial cells have their name?
cilia that face the airways
epithelial refers to position, means these cells contact air
goblet cells of the lower airways produce what?
produce and secrete mucus, mucus is only produced in patches along airways in goblet cells, then beating of cilia spreads the mucus evenly across surface of the airways (mucus traps foreign particles and the cilia beats upwardly toward throat to expel the foreign stuff)
normally mucus is fairly ___, it is produced by the transport of what ion? explain
watery, loose
produced by transport of Cl ions out of goblet cells into the paricilliary layer (Cl pulls water with it across osmotic gradient)- main Cl channel responsible is CFTR (cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator), when it functions normally, outward movement of Cl is greater than inward movement of sodium –> more water moves out, making parcilliary layer watery and loose (gives mucus a water consistency to be easily moved by cilia)
what do the chemical compounds of cigs damage in the lower airwaud?
kill cilia and makes goblet cells stop producing mucus, it damages the first line of defense in trachea, more irritation
what materials/muscle are the upper and lower airways lined with?
upper airways- trachea runs parallel to esophagus, trachea lined with both cartilage & smooth muscle- cartilage is formed in a C, where it meets the esophagus, there is no cartilage –> allows esophagus to expand when swallowing food
lower airways only lined with smooth muscle (especially bronchioles)- smooth muscle layers are thick enough to prevent diffusion of oxygen from airways and into blood (no exchange of oxygen b/w airways and lungs- diffusion distance is too big) –> so the airways are termed the anatomical dead space of the lung
what equation describes ventilation of the lungs?
Boyle’s law PV = nRT
pressure and volume in lung are inversely related - when volume increases, pressure decreases
lungs are inflated by the action of these 2 muscles…explain how they change the pressure and volume of lungs
diaphragm and intercostal muscles
these expand chest cavity (diaphragm flattens out and intercostal allows chest cavity to expand –> increases volume of lungs –> that lowers the pressure inside your lungs, but atmospheric pressure stays the same (air moves down pressure gradient from environment to lungs), atmospheric pressure is 760 mmHg, when lungs expand, pressure in lungs drops to 757 mmHg (lower pressure than surrounding, so air moves into lungs b/c air has such low density, that even a small pressure change allows it to move) –> when inhale, diaphragm and intercostal muscles activated (diaphragm activated by phrenic nerve and intercostal activated by intercostal nerve) –> they contract, diaphragm pulls down, intercostal pulls out –> lungs volume increases –> pressure drops by 33 mmhg, air fills lung
inspiration is a ___ process & expiration is a ___ process
active, activates muscles to move the volume
passive, especially at rest (muscles relax and spring back to normal positions)
the plural cavity is a little layer of ___ between the lining of the ___ and intestinal lining of the ___
the lining of the lung is called the ___
lining of chest cavity is called ____
fluid
lung & chest cavity
visceral pleura
parietal pleura
describe pleura pressure
pleura pressure is negative, which helps the lung stick to the chest wall
when inhale, diaphragm/lungs pull down and chest pulls out, this could potentially tear the lung away from the lining of the chest cavity…but the negative pressure of pleura increases which keeps the lung stuck to chest cavity and allows it to inflate/deflate
alveoli (terminal air sacs) are ___ sacs that bud off the end of the ___
blind-ending
bronchioles (look like grapes hanging off stem)
what is the avg alveoli diameter? how does its diameter change with respiration?
avg diameter is 200 microns (but not all same size, range from 50-300 microns)
each individual alveolus will expand its diameter during inhalation and reduce its diameter during exhalation
each individual alveolus is surrounded by ___…
alveoli are connected together by ___…
15-20 capillaries –> 6 billion capillaries in the lung
big web of capillaries that surround alveoli of the lung (looks more like a sheet of blood tho)
connected together by smaller alveolar pores - this helps even out air flow to all the alveoli when you breathe