respiration topic 5 Flashcards
what is the definition of oxidative phosphorylation
(of the ETC)
- electrons transported along the electron transport chain
- causes an energy release
- phosphate is added to the ADP to release ATP.
- the process is driven by chemiosmosis
- oxygen is used as the final electron acceptor
what is the definition of chemiosmosis/atp synthesis
generation of a high H+ concentration and then diffuses from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration through the ATP synthase.
This releases ATP
explain the role of oxygen in the cells of the carrots (or any other living organisms)
- oxygen is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain
- it binds with the H+ ions to form H2O
explain how the carrots produce carbon dioxide at the beginning of an experiment
- CO2 is produced as a waste product in aerobic respiration
- it is released by decarboxylation when pyruvate is broken down into acetyl CoA in the link reaction
- The carbon is removed in the Krebbs cycle when the 6C compound turns into the 5C
explain how a high concentration of H+ ions is maintained in the intermembrane space
- H+ ions from the NADH and FADH
- the ions are then actively transported from the matrix into the intermembrane
- this process requires energy, and this is from the energy released from moving the electron from one complex to another
cytochromes
- are protein pigments, with an iron group like haemoglobin
- they are reduced by electrons from receiving FADH and NADH
- a molecule of ATP made at this stage
cytochrome oxidase
- enzymes that receive the electrons from the cytochromes and are reduced as the cytochrome are oxidised
- Molecule of ATP made
what is the net production of ATP in respiration
38
suggest what would happen in the Krebbs cycle if acetyl CoA became unavailable
- the cycle will stop
- less ATP production/no more ATP produced
- the 6C/5C compounds will be fewer in number
- there will be less CO2 and H released as waste (H cannot move to the ETC)
- the carbon molecule will get smaller and smaller(because acetyl CoA adds two carbon mols to oxaloacetate).
where does the electron transport chain take place
mitochondrial membrane
what is the role of oxygen in the electron transport chain
to be the final electron acceptor to form water
how is atp synthesised in etc
through chemiosmosis (movement of H+ ions down electrochemical gradient and through the ATP synthase releases energy)
how do the H+ ions get pumped into the intermembrane space
- ETC is the transfer of electrons across different complexes.
- the left over H+ ions from the NAD and FAD can get actively transported into the intermembrane space (the transfer of electrons release atp)
explain how NAD+ is formed in the electron transport chain?
- NADH releases its electrons and hydrogens and then becomes oxidised
- the electrons are transported across the transport chain from complex to complex
- the hydrogens ions are pumped into the intermembrane space via active transport.
what is the link between the formation of ATP and H+ ions?
- the hydrogen ions diffuse down the electrochemical gradient through the ATP synthase (from the intermembrane space to the matrix).
- this causes ADP to be phosphorylated to form ATP.
