Respiration System Anatomy Lab#4 Flashcards
What are the two broad divisions of the respiratory system?
Conducting and Respiratory portions
Conducting portion of respiratory system
Functions to condition and transport air between the external atmosphere and the lungs.
Respiratory portion of the respiratory system
Where gas exchange at the alveolar-capillary interface actually occurs.
Primary entryway that air travels from the external environment
Nose (mouth is secondary)
Nasal conchae
Generates turbulance in the air flow and causes it to swirl around
Order that air passes through body
- Air passes through either nose (primary) or mouth (secondary). 2. Nasal Cavities (hairs) 3. Nasal conchae
- Nasopharynx 5. Oropharynx 6. Laryngopharynx 7. Larynx 8. Trachea 9. Primary Bronchi 10. Left and Right lung
Nasal Cavity location
Behind nose
Nasopharynx location
Behind nasal cavity
Oropharynx location
Under nasopharynx and behind mouth
Laryngopharynx location
Underneath the oropharynx and behind the epiglottis and larynx
Epiglottis location
It’s the food flap
Larynx location
Throughout area under the vocal cord, in the trachea : it consists of the thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, and vestibular fold
Thyroid cartilage
Large section covering the thyroid, above the
Cricoid cartilage
Right under the thyroid cartilage
Vestibular fold
Located above the vocal fold. in middle of thyroid cartilage
Vocal cord
Fold under the vestibular fold
Trachea location
Bumpy tube that air goes down
2 very important constants that exist in most tissues of the human body
- All tissues require O2 in order to generate ATP
2. These tissues generate CO2 as a waste product during ATP generation.
Gas exchange occurs where?
The internal surfaces of the lungs
Alveoli
Pulmonary ventilation is
the exchange of the CO2 rich/ O2 depleted gases in our lungs with O2 rich/ CO2 depleted air form the external atmosphere.
Alveolar gas exchange
Exchange of gases between the gases in our lungs and those gases in the blood
In order to exchange O2 and CO2 efficiently
- Pulmonary ventilation
- Alveolar gas exchange
- These gases must be delivered to the peripheral tissues
- Gases need to be exchanged between the blood and peripheral tissues
Tracheal cartilage
Not fully closed rings around the trachea, which enables expansion
Carina location
Where the bronchi splits into the primary bronchi, at the base of the trachea
Primary bronchi
Two branches stemming from the trachea off of the carina
Secondary bronchi
Stemming off from the primary bronchi, still somewhat large, getting closer to the smallest (tertiary bronchi)
Tertiary bronchi
Smallest branches of bronchi, branching off of the secondary bronchi
Primary spot for gas exchange
Alveolus
What is the respiratory membrane composed of? hint: multiple layers
Type 1 alveolar epithelial cells, acellular basement membrane, endothelium of the capillary bed that surrounds each alveolus
Respiratory bronchiole
Branches off from the tertiary bronchi, it holds the alveolar ducts.
Alveolus
Where the primary gas exchange location is. each individual sac
Lungs are situated where?
In the lateral portions of the thoracic cavity
Two layers of serous membrane
Visceral Pleura (lies directly on top of the lung) Parietal Pleura (lines the thoracic cavity)
The space that is between the visceral and parietal pleura?
Pleural cavity
Pleural cavity
Contains a thin, slippery fluid know and pleural fluid
Pleural fluid
Function is to allow the lungs to move within the pleura sac in a relatively frictionless environment.
Which lung is smaller to accommodate to the positioning of the heart?
Left lung
Left lung consists of 2 lobes. What are they?
Superior and inferior
Right lung consists of 3 lobes. What are they?
Superior, middle, and inferior
Left lung is separated by one fissure. What is it?
Oblique fissure
Right lung is separated by two fissures. What is it?
One horizontal fissure and one oblique fissure
Describe how oxygen passes from the alveolar sac to the hemoglobin inside a erythrocyte.
- O2 must pass into and out of the alveolar epithelial cell (2 membrane bilayers) 2. diffuse through the basement membrane and then into and out of the endothelial cell (simple squamous epithelial tissue) that lines the blood capillary (2 membrane bilayers) 3. Crosses membrane of the erythocyte.
The diaphragmatic surface is
Inferior and faces the diaphragm
The costal surface is
Lateral, anterior, and posterior, and faces the rib cage
The mediastinal surface is
Medial surface and basically facing the heart and trachea
What is on the mediastinal surface?
Hilum
Hilum is
the name given to the indented region of the lung where the primary bronchi and pulmonary arteries enter the lung, and the pulmonary veins exit the lung. Also a number of lymphatic vessels and nerves also enter here.
Which fissure is higher on the right lung?
Horizontal fissure
Where is the visceral pleura located
On the inside touching the lung
Where is the parietal pleura located
On the outside, this one does not move. it lines the thoracic cavity
What is the cardiac impression
Dip on the inside of the left lung where the heart sits
Oropharynx and laryngopharynx need to withstand a certain amount of abrasion and are lined by what?
Non-keratinized and stratified squamous epithelium
Remainder of conducting portion of the respiratory system is lined by?
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium possessing many cilia extending from their surface
What is scattered between the epithelial cells?
Goblet cells
Goblet cells function
Produce mucous
Function of mucous
Lines the epithelia of conducting airways and traps much of the dirt, debris, allergens, and pathogens before they can reach the alveoli
Function of cilia of the pseudo stratified columnar epithelium
“Sweep” the debris-laden mucus up towards the esophagus where it can be swallowed
Method of eliminating particulate matter is known as
Mucociliary Elevator
Where would the primary bronchi be located on a cadaver
Where the chest is, under sternum
What kind of tissue is the lung lined by?
Non-keritinized, stratified squamous epithelium
What is the remainder of the conducting system of the lung lined by?
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium, which includes cilia, and goblet cells-which produce mucus
What happens to the diameter of the bronchi and amount of hyaline cartilage surrounding the bronchi as it travels further away from the lung?
It decreases
Does the shape of the epithelial cells gradually transition from pseudostratified columnar to cuboidal (respiratory bronchioles) to simple squamous (within the alveoli)
Yes
The three main types of cells within the alveolus
Alveolar macrophages, type 2 alveolar cells, type 1 alveolar epithelial cells
Alveolar macrophages function
Clears debris and pathogens
Type 2 alveolar cells function
Produce pulmonary surfactant
Type 1 alveolar epithelial cells function
Participate primarily in gas exchange.
What forms the respiratory membrane, across which gas exchange occurs?
The simple squamous epithelium of the alveolus in conjunction with the basement membrane and endothelium of the lung capillary.
What do alveolar macrophages look like under the microscope?
Large globs that are not attached to the type 1 or 2 cells
What happens during inhalation?
Thoracic cavity expands, and a negative pressure is created, air enters the lungs
