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Foundation in Biology - Term 2 > Respiration Part 1 - (Week 2) > Flashcards

Respiration Part 1 - (Week 2) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Respiration?

A
  • chemical reactions in cells that sustains life
  • metabolic reaction - creating energy from food
  • metabolic reaction using created energy for biological process e.g. growth, division
  • removal of waste products
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2
Q

What is metabolism?

A
  • chemical reactions in cells required to sustain life
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3
Q

What is catabolism?

A
  • breaking down of molecules
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4
Q

What is anabolism?

A
  • building of molecules
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5
Q

Within Metabolism, what processes occur?

A
  • carbohydrates to Glucose (vice versa)
  • proteins to amino acids (vice versa)
  • fats to glycerols/ fatty acids (vice versa)
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6
Q

ATP is only required for anabolic reactions. True or False?

A

False - also chemical synthesis

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7
Q

Give an example of what cellular work metabolism is known for.

A

Active transport of molecules.

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8
Q

What is active transport?

A
  • movement of molecules where they don’t want to go
  • required for some nerve transmission + some steps of respiration
  • required for intracellular signalling (calcium pumps)
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9
Q

An average heart weighs 300g so how much ATP does it need in a day?

A

5kg - 5000g (16x it’s weight)

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10
Q

What is ATP?

A
  • adenosine 5’ - triphosphate
  • energy carrying molecule
  • used for different processes e.g anabolism, active transport
  • a chemical bond in “carrier molecules” that can diffuse rapidly throughout the cell
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11
Q

Which other molecules are important for carrying energy in respiration?

A

NADH

FADH2

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12
Q

What is ADP able to bind to?

A
  • phosphate - bond between between the 2nd & 3rd bond gives high energy.
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13
Q

What is NAD+?

A
  • nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
  • picks up energy in the form of 2 electrons and a proton (H+)
  • can be regarded as electron donors/acceptors
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14
Q

What FAD+?

A
  • flavin adenine dinucleotide
  • picks up energy in the form of 2 electrons & 2 protons (H+)
  • can be regarded as electron donors/ acceptors
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15
Q

Where does respiration take place?

A
  • inside the body
  • inside cells
  • in the cytoplasm (glycolysis)
  • in the mitochondria (matrix) - (link reaction, TCA cycle, oxidative phosphorylation)
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16
Q

What are key points of mitochondria? - timeline

A
  • ‘mito’= thread, ‘chondrion’ = granule, grain like
  • vary in number, size, and shape
  • endosymbiotic theory
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17
Q

What are some aspects of the outer membrane?

A
  • smooth
  • composed of equal amounts of phospholipids & proteins
  • contains porins
  • porins render the members freely permeable to nutrient molecules ions e.g. ATP, & ADP
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18
Q

What are porins?

A
  • integral membrane proteins that allow the passage of small molecules
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19
Q

What are some aspects of the inner membrane?

A
  • multiple folded cristae - varying in number
  • cristae/proteins - sites of various chemical reactions e.g. production of ATP
  • only permeable to oxygen & ATP
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20
Q

Why is the cristae folded?

A
  • increased SA

- gives a 5 -fold increase in SA - therefore more reactions at once

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21
Q

What is the inter membrane space?

A
  • space between the outer & inner membrane

- largely same composition as the cytoplasm but a difference in protein content

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22
Q

What is the matrix?

A
  • cytoplasm like region
  • complex mixture of proteins & enzymes
  • important in the synthesis of ATP molecules
  • not encoded by the genomic DNA (gDNA) in the nucleus
23
Q

What is glycolysis?

A
  • splitting apart with glucose
  • yields a small amount of DNA
  • occurs in the cytoplasm
  • does not require oxygen, (anaerobic & aerobic)
  • generates pyruvate, then converted to lactate (causing pain in muscles)
  • costs ATP (phosphates are added to glucose)
24
Q

What are the 3 key steps of glycolysis?

A
  1. Phosphorylation of hexose (glucose) to hexose bisphosphate (fructose biphosphate)
  2. Splitting of hexose biophosphate (fructose biophosphate) into two triose phosphate molecules (glyceraldehyde phosphate)
  3. Oxidation to pyruvate, producing a small yield of ATP & reduced to NAD
25
Q

What happens in phosphorylation?

A

Addition of phosphate groups

26
Q

What happens within phosphorylation? - Step 1

A
  • phosphate group = attached to glucose (hexose) from ATP
  • trapped inside the group - cannot be transported back out
  • isomerised to fructose (hexose)
  • raises energy level - more reactive
  • another phosphate group attaches to fructose
27
Q

What is fructose biphosphate?

A
  • carbon on the 6th phosphate
28
Q

What happens in Step 2? - (splitting of hexose)

A
  • fructose biphosphate (hexose) is split into 2 glyceraldehyde phosphate (triose) molecules
29
Q

What happens in Step 3? - (oxidation to pyruvate)

A
  • glyceraldehyde phosphate (triose) molecules oxidised
  • H+ atoms removed - (anaerobically)
  • NAD+ reduced as they accept the hydrogen atoms
  • oxidation adds a second phosphate (not from ATP)
  • Biphosphoglycerate (triose) no longer a sugar
30
Q

What is substrate level phosphorylation?

A
  • Enzymatic addition of phosphate to ADP

- 2 ATP produced when the phosphates are removed

31
Q

What are the products of glycolysis? - for a single molecule of glucose

A
  • 2 ATP
  • 2 NADH (reduced NAD+)
  • 2 pyruvate (~triose) - no longer a sugar
32
Q

What happens to pyruvate after glycolysis?

A
  • actively transported into the mitochondria (aerobic)

- remains in the cytoplasm ( under anaerobic conditions)

33
Q

What happens in pyruvate transport?

A
  • transport into the mitochondria
  • with a proton, down the proton conc. gradient
  • gradient = maintained by proton pumping costing energy (active transport)
34
Q

What happens in link reaction?

A
  • pyruvate cannot directly enter the TCA Cycle
  • converted to acetate
  • linked to coenzyme A (CoA)
  • required for enzyme reactions
  • acetyl CoA can enter the TCA cycle
35
Q

What happens in decarboxylation?

A
  • removal of a carboxyl group (lost as CO2)

- catalysed by pyruvate decarboxylase

36
Q

Fact about enzymes:

A

Enzymes usually do what they say e.g. pyruvate decarboxylase, removes a carbon from a pyruvate molecule

37
Q

What happens in dehydration? (Link reaction)

A
  • removal of protons, accepted by NAD+

- catalysed by pyruvate dehydrogenase

38
Q

What happens in CoA Addition? (Link reaction)

A
  • Coenzyme A joined to acetate forming acetyl coenzyme A

- allows acetate to enter the TCA cycle

39
Q

In a link reaction, for each glucose entering glycolysis 2 pyruvate molecules are made. True or False?

A

True - 2 link reactions occur

  • the molecules bind to NAD+ and CoA (3 carbons)
  • producing acetyl CoA and NADH, making H+ ions and carbon dioxide (2 carbons)
40
Q

Who was the Krebs Cycle first sequenced by?

A

Hans Krebs

41
Q

What happens in Step 1 of the TCA cycle?

A
  • acetyl CoA (2c) from the link reaction combines with oxaloacetate (4c) to make citrate (6c)
42
Q

What happens in Step 2 of the TCA cycle?

A
  • citrate (6c) is decarboxylated & dehydrogenated

- forms alpha-ketoglutarate (5c), CO2 and NADH

43
Q

What happens in Step 3 of the TCA cycle?

A
  • alpha-ketoglutarate (5c) = decarboxylated & dehydrogenated
  • forms oxaloacetate (4c), CO2, NADH, FADH2, ATP
  • ATP from substrate level phosphorylation process from the enzyme
  • oxaloacetate (4c) can start the cycle again
44
Q

What are the products of link reaction and TCA cycle?

A

For a single molecule of pyruvate (triose):

  • 1 ATP (substrate level phosphorylation)
  • 4 NADH (reduced NAD+)
  • 1 FADH2 (reduced FAD+)
  • 3 CO2
  • values double for a glucose (hexose) molecule
45
Q

In a link reaction and TCA cycle, the equivalent of a glucose molecule is lost as carbon dioxide. True or False?

A

True - 6C in , 6C out + energy

46
Q

What happens in oxidative phosphorylation?

A
  • in 2 parts
    electron transport chain (ETC):
  • electrons = passed from one member of the transport chain to another in a series of redox reactions
  • produces a proton gradient
    Chemiosmosis:
  • proton gradient used to produce ATP - uses energy stored here
47
Q

What happens in Step 1 of Electron Transport Chain?

A
  • NADH and FADH2, reduced in previous steps & carry electrons
  • transfer their electrons to the beginning of the transport chain
  • become oxidised again e.g. back to FAD+
  • to be reused in other steps of respiration, cycle of redox reactions
48
Q

What happens in Step 2 of Electron Transport Chain?

A
  • electrons = passed down the chain of proteins (cytochromes & redox enzymes)
  • electrons move to a lower energy level releasing their energy
  • some of the energy pumps protons (H+ ions) from the matrix into the inter membrane space
  • pumping establishes an electrochemical gradient, same principle as a concentration gradient
49
Q

What happens in Step 3 of Electron Transport Chain?

A
  • at the end of the electron transport chain, electrons = transferred to molecular oxygen (O2)
  • oxygen splits in half + reacts with 2H+ to make H2O
50
Q

What happens in chemiosmosis?

A
  • gradient-driven synthesis of ATP - using the proton gradient
  • ETC established a proton electrochemical gradient
  • protons (H+ ions) flow back to this gradient into the matrix
  • pass through the enzyme ATP synthase
  • drives the enzyme to synthesise ATP ( part of ATP production by photosynthesis)
  • also used in bacteria rather than aerobic respiration - maintains an electrochemical gradient between the cytoplasm & their environment
51
Q

How many molecules of ATP can be produced by oxidative phosphorylation by each NADH?

A

2.6 molecules

52
Q

What is the overall production of ATP?

A
  • 30 ATP Yield per glucose molecule by oxidative phosphorylation
  • 4 ATP per glucose molecule by substrate level phosphorylation
  • 34 Total ATP - per glucose molecule
53
Q

Is oxidative phosphorylation possible in anaerobic conditions?

A

No, as there is significantly less energy produced.

54
Q

What is ATP yield reduced by?

A
  • energy required for active transport into mitochondria e.g ADP
  • energy required for active transport out of mitochondria
  • dissipation of the proton gradient (leaky membrane) - protons leaking out of the mitochondria = wasted instead of driving ATP production

Foundation in Biology - Term 2 (29 decks)

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