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Biochemistry > Respiration L8 > Flashcards

Respiration L8 Flashcards

1
Q

what is respiration

A

process by which cells break down simple food molecules (carbohydrates), such as sugar, and release energy they contain

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2
Q

what is the release of energy for biological systems

A

Released as small packets of energy – step wise

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3
Q

why do biological systems use a lower temperature

A

don’t use high temperature to reach activation energy to break down sugar molecules as use enzymes

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4
Q

what causes free energy released as heat

A

direct burning of sugar in non-living systems

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5
Q

what does all free energy release require

A

large activation energy overcome by heat from a fire

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6
Q

how much energy is stored in direct burning of sugar in non-living system

A

none is stored

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7
Q

how much energy is stored in stepwise oxidation of sugar in cells

A

some energy stored in activated carrier molecules

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8
Q

how many stages of respiration are there

A

three

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9
Q

what is stage 1 of respiration

A 
outside cell (some broken in cell by lysosomes)
proteins are broken down to amino acids
polysaccharides broken down to simple sugars
fats broken down to fatty acids and glycerol
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10
Q

what is stage 2 of respiration

A

Breakdown of simple subunits to acetyl CoA; limited amount of ATP and NADH made

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11
Q

what is stage 3 of respiration

A

Complete acetyl CoA oxidation to water and carbon dioxide

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12
Q

what happens once sugar or amino acid enter cytosol or mitochondria

A

converted into high energy carriers, energy is extracted in the form of ATP and NADH used in electron transport chain

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13
Q

what happens in glycolysis if aerobic

A

6C glucose to two 3C pyruvate

can come into mitochondria and converted into acetyl CoA 2C, enters TCA cycle - cycle makes NADH and FADH2

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14
Q

how much ATP is used in glycolysis

A

2

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15
Q

how much ATP is made in glycolysis

A

4

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16
Q

how much NADH is made in glycolysis

A

2

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17
Q

what happens in glycolysis if anaerobic

A

pyruvate fermented into ethanol (yeast fermentation) or lactate (muscle fermentation)

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18
Q

where does TCA cycle / krebs cycle happen

A

mitochondria

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19
Q

where does the electron transport chain happen

A

inner mitochondrial membrane

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20
Q

where does glycolysis happen

A

cytosol

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21
Q

where does fermentation happen

A

cytosol

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22
Q

what happens to the products of glycolysis

A

NADH and FADH2 can be used in electron transport to generate ATP

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23
Q

how much energy is made in glycolysis

A

small amount of energy

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24
Q

how much oxygen is used in glycolysis

A

oxygen not involved

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25
Q

what is fermentation designed for

A

recycle NADH so that Glycolysis can continue

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26
Q

what happens in fermentation

A

Makes carbon dioxide
NAD+ regeneration
NADH used up to make NAD+ which is fed back into glycolysis

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27
Q

what happens under aerobic conditions of pyruvate

A

actively pumped into the mitochondrial matrix

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28
Q

how is acetyl CoA made

A

pyruvate is decarboxylated by Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex to produce Acetyl CoA

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29
Q

What is pyruvate dehydrogenase complex made up of

A
  1. Pyruvate dehydrogenase
  2. Dihydrolipoyl transacetylase
  3. Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase
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30
Q

what happens to acetyl CoA

A

enters TCA cycle

31
Q

what is the TCA cycle

A

Tricarboxylic acid cycle

Krebs cycle

32
Q

how much NADH made in TCA cycle

A

3

33
Q

how much FADH2 made in TCA cycle

A

1

34
Q

how much GTP (ATP) made in TCA cycle

A

1

35
Q

how many carbon dioxide is made in TCA cycle

A

2 molecules

36
Q

what does the TCA cycle generate

A

generates high-energy electrons carried by activated carrier molecules NADH and FADH2 that are passed on to electron-transport chain

37
Q

what happens to NADH and FADH2 in electron transport chain

A

NADH and FADH2 are oxidised back to NAD and FAD

38
Q

what happens to electron from NADH (FADH2) in electron transport chain

A

electron carriers are donated to oxygen to form water

39
Q

how are the electron carriers organised

A

into groups of carriers-complexes

40
Q

what are the electron carriers associated with

A

proton pumps

41
Q

what do proton pumps do in electron transport chain

A

pump protons out of the mitochondria

sets up a gradient across inner membrane

42
Q

what does the proton gradient for in electron transport chain

A

used to provide energy for ATP synthesis

43
Q

what is the process that occurs in electron transport chain

A

oxidative phosphorylation

44
Q

what happens in the movement of electrons in TCA cycle

A

movement of electrons coupled to pumping of protons that creates a steep proton gradient

45
Q

how is ATP made in electron transport chain

A

ATP synthase uses energy stored in electrochemical proton gradient to produce ATP

46
Q

what does electron transport chain drive

A

drives synthesis of majority of ATP in most cells

47
Q

what does ATP synthase use

A

energy stored in electrochemical proton gradient to make ATP

48
Q

how many protons are pumped across the membrane in oxidative phosphorylation

A

during oxidation of NADH an electron pair causes 10 protons to be pumped across membrane

49
Q

how many protons are needed in oxidative phosphorylation to make ATP

A

4 protons are needed to make each ATP

50
Q

how many protons are needed in oxidative phosphorylation to export ATP

A

1 proton for export of ATP to cytosol

51
Q

how many protons are needed in oxidative phosphorylation for ATP synthesis

A

3 protons for ADP to ATP transfer

ATP synthesis

52
Q

how many ATP molecules are released from oxidation of one glucose molecule

A

complete oxidation of 1 molecule of glucose releases about 30 molecules of ATP

53
Q

what else does respiration provide (not just energy)

A

Intermediates withdrawn from these pathways to provide carbon for synthesis of a large number of macromolecules

54
Q

what is at the centre of metabolism

A

glycolysis

TCA cycle

55
Q

what must work for for all the respiration pathways to work

A

many sets of reactions are carefully coordinated and controlled

56
Q

what are the controls of glycolysis

A

glucose breakdown and glucose synthesis are carefully controlled

57
Q

what are the three key steps in glycolysis that can’t be reversed

A

hexokinase
phophofructokinase
pyruvate kinase

58
Q

what enzymes bypass the steps in glycolysis that can’t be reversed

A

glucose-6-Phosphate
fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase
pep carboxykinase

59
Q

how do cells decide when to synthesise glucose or degrade it

A

feedback regulation allows cells to switch from glucose breakdown to glucose synthesis

60
Q

what activates glycolysis

A

high levels of fructose-6-phosphate

61
Q

what inhibits glycolysis

A

too much pyruvate entering TCA cycle
OR
high energy

62
Q

what inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase

A

ATP
acetyl CoA
NADH

63
Q

what inhibits isocitrate dehydrogenase

A

NADH

ATP

64
Q

what activates isocitrate dehydrogenase

A

ADP

65
Q

what inhibits ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

A

NADH
ATP
Succinyl CoA

66
Q

what is gluconeogensis

A

Generation of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources

67
Q

what molecules are used in gluconeogenesis to make glucose

A

pyruvate
lactate
glycerol
some amino acids

68
Q

what happens in gluconeogenesis

A

Fasting
Starvation
Intense exercise

69
Q

why is gluconeogenesis important

A

one of the main mechanisms to maintain glucose levels in the blood

70
Q

where does gluconeogenesis occur

A

mainly takes place in liver and kidneys

71
Q

what is the key mechanism in lactate recycling

A

gluconeogenesis

72
Q

where is lactate generated

A

primarily in muscle cells during intense exercise

73
Q

where is glucose moved to from liver, to be used in what mechanism

A

Glucose then returns to the muscle cells from liver where it is used for Glycolysis

74
Q

what do animal cells store

A

glycogen to provide energy in times of fasting

Biochemistry (13 decks)

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