Respiration in humans Flashcards
Exchange of gases take place through simple diffusion in?
Sponges, Coelenterates and Flatworms and Earthworm
TRACHEAL TUBES ARE PRESENT IN?
INSECTS
INVERTIBRATE THAT RESPIRE THROUGH GILLS
AQUATIC ARTHROPODS AND MOLUSCS
AMPHIBIANS,REPTILES AND BIRDS RESPIRE THROUGH?
LUNGS
RESPIRATION THROUGH MOIST SKIN IS CALLED
CUTANEOUS RESPIRATION
CUTANEOUS RESPIRATION OCCURS IN?
FROG AND EARTHWORMS
SOUND BOX IS?
LARYNX
WHICH PORTION IS COMMON FOR FOOD AND AIR?
PHYARYNX
TRACHEA IS A STRAIGHT TUBE EXTENDING UPTO _____________ CAVITY
MID THORACIC
AT WHICH VERTEBRA TRACHEA DIVIDES?
5TH THORACIC VERTEBRA
JUST FLIP IT
THRACHEA DIVIDES AT 5TH TORACIC VERTEBRA INTO right and left primary bronchi. Each bronchi
undergoes repeated divisions to form the secondary and tertiary bronchi
and bronchioles ending up in very thin terminal bronchioles
BRONCHIOLES AND ALL KIND OF BROMCHI ARE SUPPORTED AT THE WALLS BY
incomplete cartilaginous rings
terminal bronchioles gives rise to
alveoli
what is the conducting part of the respiratory system
external nostrils to terminal bronchiols
what is the respiratory or exchange part of the respiratory system
alveoli and its ducts
functions of cunducting part of the respiratory system
#The conducting part transports the atmospheric air to the alveoli, #clears it from foreign particles, #humidifies and also #brings the air to body temperature
functions of exchange of the respiratory system
Exchange part is the site of actual diffusion of O2
and CO2
between blood and atmospheric air
what forms thoracic chamber
The thoracic chamber is formed dorsally by the
vertebral column, ventrally by the sternum, laterally by the ribs and on
the lower side by the dome-shaped diaphragm
lungs are coverd by ?
double layered pleura
what is b/w the two pleura and what is its function
pleural fluid—-reduces friction on lungs surface
steps pf respiration
Respiration involves the following steps: (i) Breathing or pulmonary ventilation by which atmospheric air is drawn in and CO2 rich alveolar air is released out. (ii) Diffusion of gases (O2 and CO2 ) across alveolar membrane. (iii) Transport of gases by the blood. (iv) Diffusion of O2 and CO2 between blood and tissues. (v) Utilisation of O2 by the cells for catabolic reactions and resultant release of CO2
simple principal involved in inspirationa and expiration?
Inspiration
can occur if the pressure within the lungs (intra-pulmonary pressure) is
less than the atmospheric pressure……
expiration takes
place when the intra-pulmonary pressure is higher than the atmospheric
pressur
what helps in formation in pressure gradient?
diaphragm and a specialised set of muscles – external and
internal intercostals between the ribs,
Explain inspiration(full)
cont.of diaphragm————thoracic volume increases in ANTERO POSTERIOR AXIS———cont. of external intercoastal muscle———lifts up ribs and sternum ———–inc.in volume of thoracic chanber in DORSO VENTRAL AXIS.———INC. IN PULMONARY VOLUME——dec. in pressure leds to air in.
explain expiration(full)
relaxation of diaphragm and inter coastal muscles ———normal position——-reduces thoracic volume——–thereby pulmonary volume reduces—-inc in pressure causes expiration.
which increases
the volume of thoracic chamber in the antero-posterior axis
diaphragm
which increases
the volume of thoracic chamber in dorso-ventral axis
external inter-costal
On an
average, a healthy human breathes ————
times/minute
12-16
times/minute
The volume of air involved in
breathing movements can be estimated by
using which instrument
spirometer
Tidal Volume (TV
Volume of air inspired or
expired during a normal respiration. It is
approx. 500 mL., i.e., a healthy man can
inspire or expire approximately 6000 to 8000
mL of air per minute.
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV):
Additional volume of air, a person can inspire
by a forcible inspiration. This averages 2500
mL to 3000 mL.
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV):
Additional volume of air, a person can expire
by a forcible expiration. This averages 1000
mL to 1100 mL
Residual Volume (RV)
Volume of air remaining in the lungs even after a
forcible expiration. This averages 1100 mL to 1200 mL
Tidal Volume (TV) (in numbers)
6000 to 8000
mL of air per minute
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)(in numbers)
This averages 2500
mL to 3000 mL
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV):(in numbers)
This averages 1000
mL to 1100 mL
Residual Volume (RV):
This averages 1100 mL to 1200 mL.
Inspiratory Capacity (IC)
This includes tidal volume and inspiratory reserve
volume ( TV+IRV)=
Expiratory Capacity (EC)
(TV+ERV).This includes tidal volume and expiratory reserve
volume
Functional Residual Capacity (FRC):
Volume of air that will remain in
the lungs after a normal expiration This includes ERV+RV.
Vital lung Capacity (VC)
The maximum volume of air a person can breathe in
after a forced expiration. This includes ERV, TV and IRV or the maximum
volume of air a person can breathe out after a forced inspiration
Total Lung Capacity
Total volume of air accommodated in the lungs at
the end of a forced inspiration. This includes RV, ERV, TV and IRV or
vital capacity + residual volume.
factors that can affect the
rate of diffusion of air in exchange part
Solubility of the gases
thickness of the membranes
partial pressure of co2 and O2 in alveoli
co2=40 O2=104
partial pressure of co2 and O2 in systemic veins (deoxy)
co2=45 o2=40
partial pressure of co2 and O2 in systemic arteries(oxy)
co2=40 o2 =95
partial pressure of co2 and O2 in tissue
co2=45 o2=40
which gas diffuse faster through diffusion membrane in respiration and why
CO2 because the solubility of CO2
is
20-25 times higher than that of O2
diffusion membrane at alveoli are
\++three major layers namely++ # thin squamous epithelium of alveoli, #the endothelium of alveolar capillaries #and the basement substance in between them
how o2 is transported
97% in RBC as oxyhaemoglobin and 3% dissolved in plasma
how co2 is transported
20-25% by RBCs 70% as bicarbonate 7% as dissolved in plasma
oxygen bind with heamoglobin in what form
oxyheqmoglobin
how many o2 molecules can 1 molecule of heamoglobin carry
4
factors affecting binding of o2
partial pressure of O2
. Partial pressure of CO2
, hydrogen ion
concentration and temperature
condition favourable for the formation of
oxyhaemoglobin
In the alveoli, where there is high pO2 , low pCO2 , lesser H+ concentration and lower temperature
condition favourable for the dissociation of
oxyhaemoglobin
e low pO2
, high pCO2
, high H+
concentration and higher temperature
Every 100 ml of
oxygenated blood can deliver around________ml of
O2
to the tissues
5ml
In what formCO2
is carried by haemoglobin
carbamino-haemoglobin
formation of carbamino-haemoglobin occurs at
tissue
why there is more H+ conc. at tissue site of diffusion
CO2
diffuses into blood
from tissue and forms HCO3–
and H+
Every 100 ml of deoxygenated
blood delivers approximately_____ ml of CO2
to the alveoli.
4ml
which centre maintain and regulate the respiratory rhythm
medulla region
of the brain called }{respiratory rhythm}] centre
WHERE IS respiratory rythm centre present
medulla region
which centre can moderate the functions of respiratory rythm centre
pneumotaxic centre
pneumotaxic centre present at
pons region
flip to learn more
A chemosensitive area
is situated adjacent to the rhythm centre which is highly sensitive to CO2
and hydrogen ions. Increase in these substances can activate this centre,
which in turn can signal the rhythm centre to make necessary adjustments
in the respiratory process by which these substances can be eliminated.
. The role of oxygen in the regulation of
respiratory rhythm is quite insignificant.
flip
Receptors associated with aortic arch and carotid artery also can recognise
changes in CO2
and H+
concentration and send necessary signals to the
rhythm centre for remedial actions
what happens in asthma
inflammation
of bronchi and bronchioles
symptoms of asthma
difficulty in breathing causing wheezing
major cause of EMPHYSEMA
cigarette smoking
CIGARETTE SMOKING CAUSES
Emphysema
WHAT HAPPNENS IN EMPHYSEMA
chronic disorder in which alveolar walls are damaged
due to which respiratory surface is decreased
WHAT DAMAGE OCCURS IN OCCUPATIONAL RESPIRATORY DISORDERS
inflammation leading to fibrosis
(proliferation of fibrous tissues
