Respiration/Gas Exchange And Transport systems Flashcards
Respiration:
Aerobic = with oxygen/Anaerobic = without
Aerobic: Glucose + oxygen ~ Carbon dioxide+ water+ energy. C6H1206 + 602 ~ 6C02 + 6H20. Occurs in all living cells. Stored as A.T.P
Anaerobic: Glucose ~ lactic acid +some energy
Occurs during severe exertion/short time.
Oxygen debt repaid in heavy breathing
Yeast: fermentation- Glucose ~ ethanol + CO2 + some energy. Ethanol kills yeast eventually
Breathing:
Route of air: nose,trachea,bronchi,bronchioles, alveoli and blood.
Breathing in: diaphragm contrasts/flattens,intercostal muscles contract,ribs upwards/outwards. This increases volume/pressure decrease and air enters the lungs
Breathing out: opposite- lungs elastic recoil, relax of muscles
Pleural membranes- fluid that stops ribs rubbing on lungs
Gaseous exchange:
Alveolar air- high concentration O2/low concentration CO2
Diffusion occurs - O2 diffuses into red blood cells as oxyhemoglobin/CO2 diffuses out of plasma and exhaled
How lungs are adapted:
1) large surface area
2) short diffusion distance(caps and alveolar are one wall thick)
3) Steep diffusion gradient: ventilation and fast blood flow
Blood: Plasma/red/white blood cells/platelets
Plasma: contains- urea/hormones/gases/enzymes/digested food.
Red blood cells: -biconcave disk(SA-V maxed), no nucleus/mitochondria/1000th mm(micron) so can squeeze through capillaries
Platelets- for blood clotting. Made in bone marrow
White blood cells:
Protect body from pathogens/mutant cells/foreign bodies. Part of immune system.
Phagocytes - engulf/digest bacteria
Lymphocytes- Killer T: destroy mutant cells
B lymphs: produce antibodies. Can only produce 1 specific antigen for each disease; feel ill while that antigen is found. Clone antigens formed to destroy pathogen. Some become memory cells
Vaccines give us pathogen so body kill it and makes memory cells
The heart: double muscular pump of cardiac muscle. Contracts/relaxes on its own
Right side- deoxygenated blood from body to lungs. Left side - oxygenated blood from lungs to body. Separated by septum
Body to right atrium to right ventricle to lungs to left atrium to left ventricle to body
Valves to prevent back flow - mitric valve for left atrium when left ventricle contracts. Tricuspid for right side
Semi-lunar valves-for pulmonary artery to stop backflow into r.ventricle. Same for aorta/left
Blood vessels:
Arteries: carry blood from heart under high pressure. Thick wall/narrow lumen/thick muscle
Veins: carry blood to heart under low pressure. Thin wall/muscle and wide lumen for less resistance. Have pocket valves to prevent back flow and skeletal muscles to push blood along
Capillaries- 1 cell thick/ leaky allowing diffusion of substances between tissues
