Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology - Year 13 > Respiration - Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Respiration - Chapter 12 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the 4 stages in respiration ?

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. The Link reaction
  3. The Krebs cycle
  4. Oxidative phosphorylation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is glycolysis ?

A

The splitting of glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does respiration produce?

A

ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

In the cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe the process of glycolysis.

A
  • phosphorylation of glucose using ATP, making triose phosphate
  • Oxidation of triose phosphate to pyruvate (removal of hydrogen from triose phosphate for oxidation)
  • net gain of ATP (2 ATP)
  • NAD goes to reduced NAD
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The process of glycolysis (detailed version)

A

-phosphorylating glucose to glucose phosphate using ATP
(The inorganic phosphates come from the hydrolysis of 2 molecules of ATP)
- each glucose molecule is split into 2 molecules of a 3 carbon compound : triose phosphate
- oxidation of triose phosphate to produce pyruvate
-hydrogen is removed from each triose phosphate molecule and transferred to NAD forming reduced NAD (NADH)
- a series of enzyme controlled reactions convert TP molecules to 3 Pyruvate molecules regenerating 2 ATP molecules from ADP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the products of glycolysis?

A

2x pyruvate (used in the link reaction)
Net gain of 2 ATP ( although there is 4, 2 had to be used for glucose phosphate)
2x NADH (will be used in oxidative phosphorylation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What type of process is glycolysis ?

A

It is an aerobic process (occurs in both aerobic and anaerobic processes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Where does the link reaction take place

A

In the mitochondrial matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What type of process is the link reaction ?

A

An aerobic process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

In the absence of oxygen, anaerobic respiration takes place in the _____
If oxygen is present, then the cell carries out aerobic respiration in ________

A

Cytoplasm
Mitochondria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the reaction in the link reaction ?

A

Pyruvate + coenzyme A ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~> acetyl coenzyme A + CO2
NAD~> reduced NAD

Link reaction doesn’t require oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Explain the link reaction ?

A

-pyruvate and NADH are diffuse from the cytoplasm into the mitochondrial matrix
- the pyruvate made in glycolysis is oxidised to acetate
-acetate combines with coenzyme A to produce acetyl coenzyme A
-the remaining one carbon part of the pyruvate (see diagram) leaves as a molecule of carbon dioxide
-at the same time,an oxidation reaction takes place NAD + H ~>reduced NAD (NADH)

-during a link reaction, a molecule of CO2 is released from the pyruvate. When CO2 is removed from the molecule, it’s called decarboxylation reaction

Because we have an oxidation + decarboxylation reaction, this is called oxidative decarboxylation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

When is there a decarboxylation reaction in the link reaction, and then is there an oxidation reaction ?

A

During a link reaction, a molecule of CO2 is released from the pyruvate. When CO2 is removed from a molecule, it’s called a decarboxylation reaction.

Oxidation reaction - NAD + H ~> reduced NAD (NADH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How many times does the link reaction take place for each molecule of glucose entering respiration and why ?

A

Glycolysis produces 2 pyruvate molecules for each molecule of glucose.
So the link reaction takes place twice for each molecule of glucose entering respiration ( as it only uses 1 pyruvate molecule in the reaction).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the products from the 2 link reactions and where do they go ?

A

2 acetyl coenzyme A - goes to the Krebs cycle
2 carbon dioxide - released as a waste product
2 reduced NAD - to oxidative phosphorylation

17
Q

Name 2 substances for which there would be a net movement into the mitochondrion

A

Oxygen, pyruvate

18
Q

The mitochondria in muscles contain many cristae. Explain the advantage of this.

A

Large surface area for electron carrier system.
Provides ATP for contraction.

19
Q

Where does the Krebs cycle take place?

A

In the mitochondrial matrix

20
Q

What type of process is the Krebs cycle?

A

An aerobic process

21
Q

Explain the Krebs cycle (detailed)

A
  1. The acetyl coenzyme A reacts with a 4C molecule called oxaloacetate. (The 2C part of acetyl Coda moves onto the 4C molecule, creating the 6C molecule : citrate)
    At the same time, the coenzyme A is released, back into the link reaction
  2. A whole series of chemical reactions takes place:
    1st a decarboxylation reaction of citrate releases one molecule of CO2.
    A dehydrogenation reaction produces a molecule of reduced NAD.
    We now have a 5 Carbon molecule.
  3. Another dehydrogenation reaction takes place producing one molecule of reduced NAD.
    Another decarboxylation reaction takes place releasing one molecule of CO2.
    One molecule of ATP is also produced, by substrate - level phosphorylation (where a phosphate is removed and used to generate a molecule of ATP).
  4. Finally, we have 2 more dehydrogenation reactions, which produce one molecule of reduced FAD and one molecule of reduced NAD.
  5. During these reactions, we regenerate our starting molecule, the 4C oxaloacetate, which allows the Krebs cycle to continue again.
22
Q

Need to know how to draw glycolysis diagram and the krebs cycle diagram !

A
23
Q

What are the products of the Krebs cycle and where do they go?
(For each glucose molecule that enters respiration, the Krebs cycle operates twice)

A

2x ATP
6x reduced NAD, to the ETC
2x reduced FAD, to the ETC
4x CO2 released, as a waste product

24
Q

Where does oxidative phosphorylation take place?

A

In the mitochondrial inner membrane - cristae

25
Q

What type of process is oxidative phosphorylation ?

A

An aerobic process, most ATP is made during this stage

26
Q

What are some mitochondrial adaptations ?

A

-large number of cristae
-to increase surface area of the membrane
- to incorporate more proteins and enzymes associated of oxidative phosphorylation

27
Q

What does oxidative phosphorylation involve ?

A
  • the electron transfer chain
    -movement of protons across the inner mitochondrial membranes
  • catalysed by ATP synthase
28
Q

What is oxidative phosphorylation ?

A

The process of generating ATP where hydrogen atoms from NAD/FAD dissociate into hydrogen ions and electrons transport chains in the membrane of cristae

29
Q

What are the steps of oxidative phosphorylation ?

A
  1. Inside the mitochondrial matrix, the hydrogen atoms are split into protons (H+ ions) + electrons
    ~> establishing a high concentration of protons in the matrix
  2. The electrons are then passed along the electron transport chain. Every time the electron moves to the next protein (inside the ETC), it releases enough energy to transport a proton to the inter membrane space.
  3. This results in a build up of H+ ions, an electron chemical gradient due to protons actively transports to inner membrane space. These ions cannot simply diffuse down its concentration gradient, via phospholipid bilayer.
  4. Protons move down their concentration gradient by facilitated diffusion, through ATP synthase, which catalyses the reaction of ADP + Pi ~> ATP, known as chemiosmosos
  5. At end of ETC, electrons combine with protons, and oxygen combines them both, forming water (for respiration).
    Oxygen is the final electron acceptor, and the electron transport chain cannot operate unless oxygen is present.
30
Q

What does anaerobic respiration consist of?

A

Glycolysis, incomplete oxidation/fermentation

31
Q

In the absence of oxygen, respiration occurs _______ and where does respiration occur?

A

It occurs anaerobically, and occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell only.

32
Q

In order to respire anaerobically, why must glycolysis take place continuously ?

A

It’s the only way to generate ATP

33
Q

The pyruvate produced in glycolysis is reduced to form ethanol +Co2 (in plants + microbes) or lactate (in animals) by gaining what ? And from where ?

A

By gaining the hydrogen from reduced NAD.

This oxidised NAD so that it can be reused in glycolysis and ensure more ATP is continued to be produced.

34
Q

What is the reaction in animals for anaerobic respiration for the reactants pyruvate and NADH ?

A

Pyruvate + reduced NAD~> lactate + oxidised NAD

35
Q

What is the reaction in plants for anaerobic respiration for the reactants pyruvate and NADH ?

A

Pyruvate + reduced NAD ~> ethanol + CO2 + oxidised NAD

36
Q

When oxygen is available again, the lactate produced can be oxidised to pyruvate and either ?

A

1) continue to link reaction to release energy
2) convert to glycogen in the liver

Biology - Year 13 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions