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Biology year 10 > Respiration and Human Gas Exchange > Flashcards

Respiration and Human Gas Exchange Flashcards

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1
Q

Define respiration

A

The chemical process that provides the body with energy needed for all other life processes

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2
Q

What is respiration used for?

A
  • to drive chemical reactions needed to keep organisms alive
  • movement
  • cell division
  • homeostasis
  • active transport (loving molecules against concentration gradient)
  • for the transmission of nerve impulses
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3
Q

Respiration is only …% efficient?

A

40% (heat also released)

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4
Q

What are the two types of respiration?

A

Aerobic and anaerobic

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5
Q

Word equation for aerobic respiration

A

glucose + oxygen –> carbon dioxide + water + ATP

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6
Q

Aerobic respiration symbol equation:

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 –> 6CO2 + 6H20 + ATP

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7
Q

What does aerobic respiration do?

A

Releases energy in cells breaking down food substances whilst in the presence of oxygen

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8
Q

Word equation for anaerobic respiration

A

glucose –> lactic acid +ATP

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9
Q

What happens with products from aerobic respiration?

A

Water: used in body
CO2: extorted through lungs and released into the air

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10
Q

Camel example

A

stores fat - broken down by respiration - product of respiration is water - perfect for dry conditions

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11
Q

Where do the reactants come from?

A

glucose: broken down foods
oxygen: air via lungs

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12
Q

ATP and respiration

A
  1. Energy is released which is then used to make a spacial energy molecule called ATP
  2. ATP is how energy is stored for later use by the body
  3. Aerobic respiration happens all the time and in all cells usually in the mitochondria
  4. Animals get the oxygen needed in the air through their ventilation systems
  5. Plants get the oxygen needed in the air through the stomata
  6. Plants produce their food by photosynthesis and then through respiration release energy from it.
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13
Q

Does oxygen for respiration in pants necessarily come from photosynthesis?

A

No - although it is a byproduct of respiration
Plants just take in any oxygen from the air
Respiration required day and night - even when no sunlight

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14
Q

Why can humans respire anaerobically but only for short amounts of time?

A
  • Even though the process is relatively inefficient, it’s better to continue respiring and be able to run away from danger – or run a race
  • preferable to release less energy but remain alive
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15
Q

Plant cells and yeast anaerobic word equation:

A

glucose –> ethanol + carbon dioxide + energy released

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16
Q

Why is less ATP produced in anaerobic respiration?

A

glucose is only partially broken down, less energy is released from each glucose molecule

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17
Q

What does anaerobic respiration occur in?

A
  • diving animals eg whales and seals
  • inside parts of plants where diffusion of oxygen is too slow for aerobic respiration eg inside seeds or in root cells in waterlogged ground
  • in muscle cells where vigorous exercise requires more energy than can be supplied from increased supply of oxygen from higher breathing and faster heart rate
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18
Q

What does EPOC stand for?

A

Excess Post - exercise Oxygen Consumption

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19
Q

What is EPOC?

A

The amount of oxygen our body consumes following exercise (even if aerobic) that is above and beyond the pre-exercise oxygen consumption baseline
Lactic acid builds (causing lack of oxygen) up until oxygen is available again - then converted back to glucose and stored or fully broken down using oxygen to CO2 and H2O.
Used to return processes in the boy back to their stable state and remove lactic acid

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20
Q

Practical to show respiration is taking place?

A
  • Collect container with hydrogen - carbonate indicator
  • Place maggots into container and seal
  • Watch what happens to colour of the hydrogen carbonate indicator
21
Q

Predict what will happen to the temperature of flask A and B over time

What is the purpose of flask B?

A

The temperature in A increases, B stays the same. The germinating seeds are respiring which releases heat.

B is a control experiment for comparison, the boiled seeds will not respire. (Do not write fair test!)

22
Q

Why is indicator better than limewater?

A

Indicator is better than limewater because very sensitive to changes in pH so shows a clear, definitive change and also suggests levels of CO2 produced not only if present at all.

23
Q

Key words of human gas exchange diagram?

A
  • thorax
  • ribs
  • intercostal muscles
  • diaphragm
  • trachea
  • bronchi
  • bronchioles
  • alveoli
  • pleural membranes
24
Q

Explain ventilation - inhaling

A
  • air breathed into lungs
  • diaphragm contracts and flattens in shape
  • external intercostal muscles contract, making ribs move upwards and outwards
  • changes cause volume of thorax to increase
  • so air pressure to decrease
  • and air to enter the lungs
25
Q

Explain ventilation - exhaling

A
  • air breathed out from lungs
  • diaphragm relaxes and returns to its domed shape, pushed up by the liver and stomach (pushes up on lungs)
  • external intercostal muscles relax, allowing ribs to drop back down (also presses on lungs)
  • if breathing hard intercostal muscles also contract, helping the ribs to move down
  • changes cause volume of the thorax to decrease
  • causes the air pressure in the thorax to increase
  • causes air to be forced out of the lungs
26
Q

Air moving in to the lungs

A
  • when breathe in, air enters through nose and mouth. In the nose the air is moistened and warmed
  • air trails down trachea to the lungs
  • tiny hair called cilia remove dirt and microorganisms
  • air enters lungs through bronchi which branch and divide into bronchioles
  • at the end of the bronchioles are air sacs called alveoli
  • alveoli covered in tiny blood capillaries
  • this is where gas exchange occurs
27
Q

What is gas exchange in alveoli?

A

Where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between the blood and the air in the lungs.

28
Q

Explain the role of the trachea, bronchi and bronchioles in breathing

A

trachea - carries air from mouth down to lungs
bronchi - the two large divisions of the trachea as it reaches the lung, supported with rings or cartilage
bronchioles - the fine tubes in the lungs that carry air to alveoli

29
Q

Explain the role of the alveoli, pleural membranes

A

alveoli - diffusion of gases

pleural membranes - thin layers that reduce friction between the lungs and the inside of the chest wall during breathing

30
Q

Explain the role of the ribs and intercostal muscles and the diaphragm

A

ribs and intercostal muscles - protect the lungs but also help expand the volume of the thorax during forced or deep breathing
diaphragm - muscular sheet below lungs which controls relaxed breathing

31
Q

What surrounds the lungs and what is it’s function?

A

Pleural membranes - beween them is a little fluid that helps them to slide over each other.
Moist membranes between the inside of the thorax and lungs that provide lubrication to prevent lungs from ‘sticking’

32
Q

Adaptations of alveoli:

A

Large surface area - many alveoli are present in the lungs with a shape that further increases surface area.
Thin walls - alveolar walls are one cell thick providing gases with a short diffusion distance.
Moist walls - gases dissolve in the moisture helping them to pass across the gas exchange surface.
Permeable walls - allow gases to pass through.
Extensive blood supply - ensuring oxygen rich blood is taken away from the lungs and carbon dioxide rich blood is taken to the lungs.
A large diffusion gradient - breathing ensures that the oxygen concentration in the alveoli is higher than in the capillaries so oxygen moves from the alveoli to the blood. Carbon dioxide diffuses in the opposite direction

33
Q

Effect of exercise on breathing:

A
  • deeper breaths
  • more frequent breaths
  • The heart rate increases during exercise. The rate and depth of breathing increases - this makes sure that more oxygen is absorbed into the blood, and more carbon dioxide is removed from it
34
Q

Effects of smoking

A
  • addiction
  • bronchitis
  • emphysema
  • cancer
  • higher blood pressure
  • coronary heart disease
35
Q

Practical: effect of exercise on breathing

A

The rate of breathing can be measured by counting the number of breaths in one minute. The depth of breathing can be measured using a spirometer (a device that measures the volume of air inhaled and exhaled).
To investigate the effects of exercise on breathing, record the rate of breathing for a few minutes when the person is at rest. After they do some exercise, record their rate of breathing every minute until it returns to the normal resting value

36
Q

intercostal muscles

A

the muscles found between the ribs involved in ventilation

37
Q

ribs

A

bones that surround the lungs - act as protection and involved in ventilation

38
Q

trachea

A

the ‘windpipe’ - passage of air from outside to inside

brings air into the lungs. Supported by rings of cartilage that prevent it collapsing.

39
Q

thorax

A

Part of the body between the neck and abdomen.

40
Q

nasal cavity

A

Air is warmed and filtered as it enters the body.

41
Q

pleural fluid

A

Fluid found in the pleural cavity (between the pleural membrane layers). It further reduces friction during breathing.

42
Q

Addiction:

A 
Nicotine is highly addictive
Difficult to quit smoking 
Alters people’s moods 
Stimulant and relaxant 
These feelings can also become addictive
43
Q

Bronchitis:

A

Tar is a mixture of chemicals
Forms a black sticky substance in the lungs
Coats tiny ‘hair-like’ cilia lining the tubes of the lungs
Makes it more difficult for the cilia to clear out dust and microorganisms
Sticky mucus builds up in smoker’s lungs
Results in lung infections and a persistent coug

44
Q

Emphysema:

A

Continued coughing (from trying to clear the tar) damages the alveoli
The divisions between them are broken, reducing their surface area
This causes a disease called emphysema
Emphysema - the patient has difficulty getting oxygen into their blood
A mask or tube with a higher concentration of oxygen may be worn/ used

45
Q

Cancer:

A

Chemicals in tar are carcinogenic
They cause cells to start dividing uncontrollably and so cause cancer
Cancers from smoking usually in: mouth, throat and lungs
Many other cancers are more common in smoker’s bodies

46
Q

compare anaerobic respiration in a yeast cell with anaerobic respiration in a muscle cell

A

glucose → alcohol + carbon dioxide + energy

glucose → lactic acid + energy

47
Q

explain why exercise cannot be sustained when anaerobic respiration takes place in muscle cells

A

Due to lactic acid build up, anaerobic respiration is not sustainable in the long term.
If too much lactic acid accumulates, the cells become too acidic and can be damaged
burning sensation in muscles
muscle cramps

48
Q

Label an alveolus diagram

A 
**see diagram
include:
- air in & air out 
- thin alveolus walls
- layer of moisture 
- blood to cells have high oxygen and low carbon dioxide concentration 
- direction of blood flow 
- blood capillaries 
- diffusion of CO2 and O2
49
Q

see diagrams and further notes

A

see diagrams and further notes

Biology year 10 (5 decks)

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