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Respiration And Gas Exchange Flashcards

1
Q

What do all living organisms do?

A

Carry out cellular respiration

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2
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

An exothermic reaction which converts glucose into energy and continuously occurs in living cells

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3
Q

What are uses of energy (in the human body)?

A

Breaking down molecules
Building molecules
Muscular contraction
Maintaining body temperature
Active transport
Growth
Repair

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4
Q

What does ATP stand for?

A

Adenosine triphosphate

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5
Q

What is ATP?

A

A small molecule in the mitochondria, made during respiration, which stores and supplies energy to cells for processes like movement and active transport

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6
Q

Where is the energy stored in ATP?

A

In its phosphate bonds

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7
Q

What happens when a cell needs energy (ATP)?

A

ATP loses one phosphate, turning it into ADP, which releases energy for the cell to use

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8
Q

Word equation for aerobic respiration

A

Oxygen + glucose —> carbon dioxide + water (+energy)

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9
Q

Chemical equation for aerobic respiration

A

6O2 + C6H12O6 —> 6CO2 + 6H2O

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10
Q

When does aerobic respiration take place?

A

Whenever there is enough oxygen

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11
Q

What is the most efficient way to transfer energy from glucose?

A

Aerobic respiration

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12
Q

Where does aerobic respiration continuously take place?

A

In plants and animals

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13
Q

Where in the cell does aerobic respiration take place?

A

Mitochondria

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14
Q

What is an adaptation of mitochondria for aerobic respiration?

A

Contains folds to increase the surface area for respiration reactions to occur

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15
Q

Does anaerobic respiration take place with or without oxygen?

A

Without oxygen

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16
Q

How often does anaerobic respiration take place?

A

Only when it really has to
E.g. sprinting

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17
Q

Why does anaerobic respiration take place when sprinting instead of aerobic?

A

Our bodies can’t get enough oxygen to our tissues to perform aerobic respiration

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18
Q

Word equation for anaerobic respiration in humans

A

Glucose —> lactic acid (+energy)

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19
Q

What are two reasons why we prefer not to use anaerobic respiration?

A

Glucose molecules are only partially broken down
Produces lactic acid

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20
Q

Why is anaerobic respiration inefficient?

A

Glucose molecule is only partially broken down
—> we are not unlocking all of the energy within the glucose molecule

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21
Q

Why is production of lactic acid bad?

A

It is toxic - further oxygen is required to break it down (oxygen debt)
Builds up in cells
Causes painful cramps

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22
Q

Word equation for anaerobic respiration in plants and yeast

A

Glucose —> ethanol + carbon dioxide (+ energy)

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23
Q

What is it called when yeast does anaerobic respiration?

A

Fermentation

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24
Q

What is anaerobic respiration in yeast useful in?

A

Baking
Industry

25
Why is fermentation useful in baking?
Add yeast to bread so that the carbon dioxide it produces can form little pockets of air —> makes the bread appear light and fluffy
26
Why is fermentation useful in industry?
It produces ethanol (type of alcohol) —> can use the yeast to make beer and wine
27
What does metabolism mean?
The combination of all the chemical reactions in an organism
28
Where does anaerobic respiration take place in the cell?
Cytoplasm
29
What is the respiratory system?
A large group of tissues and organs in your body that work together to allow you to breathe
30
What is the function of the lungs?
To transfer oxygen into the bloodstream, where it can be transported to the rest of the body, and remove carbon dioxide from the blood
31
Pathway that air takes
Mouth Nose Trachea Bronchus (bronchi) Bronchiole Alveoli
32
What is the trachea lined with?
Ciliated epithelial
33
What do the cells in the trachea produce?
Mucus
34
Why do the cells in the trachea produce mucus?
To trap particles of dust and bacteria
35
What do the cells in the trachea have?
Cilia (small hairs)
36
What do the cilia in the trachea do?
Waft the mucus up the trachea which reaches the throat and is then swallowed
37
What does stomach acid do to the mucus?
Kills bacteria
38
What is the trachea and bronchi made of?
Cartilage
39
What is cartilage?
Bone-like tough material
40
Why is the trachea made of cartilage?
To stop the airway from collapsing
41
What kind of shape is the cartilage on the trachea?
C shaped
42
Why is the cartilage C shaped on the trachea?
To allow it to move
43
What are 4 adaptations of the lungs
Large surface area Good blood supply and ventilation Moisture in alveoli 1 cell thick alveoli and capillary walls
44
Why do the lungs have a large surface area?
To help oxygen diffuse into the blood —> increases diffusion rate, more efficient gas exchange
45
Why do the lungs have a good blood supply and ventilation?
To help provide oxygenated blood to the lungs and deoxygenated blood in the capillaries
46
Why do the lungs have moisture in the alveoli?
To allow the gases to dissolve which increases the rate of diffusion
47
Why do the lungs have 1 cell thick alveoli?
For a really short diffusion distance for oxygen and carbon dioxide to the capillaries —> increases the rate of diffusion
48
What is one alveoli called?
Alveolus
49
How thick is alveoli?
1 cell thick
50
How is oxygen transported from alveoli - capillaries - body?
1) alveoli is full of fresh oxygen 2) oxygen is diffused down the concentration gradient into the bloodstream 3) oxygenated blood is sent around the body 4) blood returns to the lungs low on oxygen 5) cycle repeats
51
How is carbon dioxide removed from the body?
1) CO2 will be at a higher concentration in the bloodstream than the alveoli 2) can easily diffuse across 3) once in the alveoli it is breathed out
52
Where is carbon dioxide carried in the blood?
It is dissolved in the plasma
53
Equation for breathing rate
Number of breaths taken ———————————— Number of minutes
54
Inhalation
Diaphragm muscle: CONTRACTS Diaphragm shape: FLATTENS Intercostal muscles: CONTRACT Rib cage: moves UPWARDS and OUTWARDS Volume of thorax: INCREASES Pressure of thorax: DECREASES Lungs: INFLATE Airflow: INTO MOUTH
55
Exhalation
Diaphragm muscle: RELAXES Diaphragm shape: DOMES UPWARDS Intercostal muscles: RELAXES Rib cage: moves DOWNWARDS and INWARDS Volume of thorax: DECREASES Pressure of thorax: INCREASES Lungs: DEFLATE Airflow: OUT OF MOUTH
56
Which lung is bigger?
Right lung
57
What happens at the alveoli?
Gas exchange
58
What is oxygen debt?
The amount of extra oxygen required to break down built-up lactic acid after exercise
59
What does ATP provide for cells?
Energy

Biology (10 decks)

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