Respiration and Fermentation Flashcards
Reason for organic molecule energy
Arrangement of electrons in bonds
Catabolism linked to cell work by…
ATP
Phosphorylation of ADP
ADP + Pi → ATP + H₂O
Substrate level phosphorylation
Substrate level phosphorylation
Enzymatic transfer of a phosphate group from an intermediate to ADP to form ATP
Oxidative phosphorylation
Use of H⁺ gradient across membrane (chemiosmosis) to attach an inorganic phosphate to ADP to make ATP
(Electron Transport and chemiosmosis)
NAD⁺ function
Coenzyme
Oxidizing agent
Dehydrogenase
Removes a pair of hydrogen atoms from substance and delivers two electrons and one proton to coenzyme NADH⁺
Types of ATP operated cell work
Transport work
Mechanical work
Chemical work
Transport work
Membrane pumps
Mechanical work
Movement of substances via motor proteins
CHEMICAL WORK
Product made from reactants
Δ G for break down of glucose is
Negative, exergonic, and spontaneous, with products storing less energy than reactants
Types of energy break down
Anaerobic respiration, fermentation, and cell respiration
Anaerobic respiration
Anaerobic breakdown of organic compounds in the cytoplasm
Anaerobic respiring prokaryotes
Have an electron transport chain without oxygen as the final electron receptor
Fermentation function
Anaerobic partial breakdown of sugars starting with glycolysis without electron transport chain
Fermentation inputs and outputs
Input 2 NAD⁺ + 2 ATP
Output ethanol or lactate and 4 ATP
Fermentation location
Cytoplasm
Obligate anaerobes
Only perform fermentation and often find O₂ to be toxic
Facultative anaerobes
Organism that makes ATP by cell respiration if O₂ is present but is also capable of fermentation in the absence of O₂
Cell respiration
Aerobic respiration, breakdown of organic molecules to make ATP beginning in the cytoplasm and ending in the mitochondria
Has an ETC
Net 30-32 ATP produced per glucose
Cellular respiration mirrors ____ reactions with the chemical equation…
Combustion
Organic Compounds + O₂ → CO₂ + H₂O
Redox can be…
Partial or complete, both of which can release energy
In cell respiration ____ is oxidized and ____ is reduced
Sugar
Oxygen
Parts of cell respiration
Glycolysis
Bridge Step (Pyruvate Oxidation)
Krebs Cycle
ETC and Chemiosmosis
Net ATP production in glycolysis
2
Glycolysis location
Cytoplasm
Net ATP production in krebs cycle
2
Krebs cycle location
Mitochondrial matrix
Net ATP production in ETC
26-28
ETC location
Inner membrane of mitochondria
Embedded proteins
ETC structure
Protein complexes (I-IV) and prosthetic groups
Prosthetic groups
Nonprotein cofactors and coenzymes essential for enzymatic function
Ubiquinone (Q)
Non protein mobile member of ETC
Cytochromes
Proteins in the ETC with heme prosthetic groups
NADH and FADH₂ role in ETC
Source of electrons
Oxidation of FADH₂ provides 1/3 less final energy than NADH
Total ATP produced in cellular respiration
30-32
ETC outputs
Water and energy from electrons
ETC energy use
Pump H⁺ ions from matrix to intermembrane space creating an electrochemical gradient
Proton motive force
Electrochemical gradient
ATP synthase
Enzyme embedded in inner membrane that allows H⁺ ions to diffuse back into matrix
Makes ATP using H⁺ ion diffusion
ATP synthase structure
Cylindrical rotor attached to a rod extending into a knob portion containing catalytic sites located in the matrix
Stator anchored in the membrane holds the knob stationary
