respiration and breathing Flashcards
1
Q
% of Co2 in exhaled air ?
A
4.4-5 %
2
Q
Conclude respiration.
A
oxidation of food (glucose)to produce energy (atp)
3
Q
explain external respiration
A
exchange of gases between pulmonary capillaries coming from heart and alveoli
4
Q
breathing is a ____________ process and respiration is a ____________ process .
A
physical , biochemical
5
Q
which gas in inhaled and exhaled air is in same amount ?
A
nitrogen (78%) and other gases except co2
6
Q
% reduction in oxygen exhaled wrt oxygen inhaled
A
5-6%
7
Q
respiratory organ in reptiles
A
lungs
8
Q
open space is called
A
sinus / cavity
9
Q
largest cartilage in larynx
A
thyroid
10
Q
External respiration is between alveoli and which capillary ?
A
pulmonary
11
Q
Breathing is a physical process which depends on what ?
A
P-V changes
12
Q
Which cartilage develops to form Adam’s apple ?
A
thyroid
13
Q
When men hit puberty their vocal cords become ___ and ____ due to testosterone secretion .
A
thick , prominent
14
Q
When men hit puberty their vocal cords become thick and prominent due to secretion of which hormone ?
A
testosterone
15
Q
Uvula prevents entry of food into which cavity ?
A
nasal
16
Q
thyroid cartilage is made up of which cartilage ?
A
hyaline
17
Q
thyroid cartilage is dorsally complete or not ?
A
not i.e. its dorsally incomplete
18
Q
ring shaped cartilage in larynx
A
cricoid
19
Q
respiratory organs in amphibians
A
lungs, gills, buccopharyngeal membrane and skin .
20
Q
Paired pyramid shaped cartilage in larynx
A
arytenoid
21
Q
other name of larynx
A
sound / voice box
22
Q
other name of diaphragm
A
phrenic muscle
23
Q
Number of cartilages in larynx
A
9
3 unpaired - thyroid , cricoid and epiglottis .
3 paired - arytenoid , cuniform and corniculate.
24
Q
Name the respiratory organ of earthworm
A
moist skin /cuticle
25
hyoid bone and thyroid cartilage join through which membrane ?
thyrohyoid membrane
26
Larynx is located on which side of the neck ?
anterior
27
How does moist skin facilitate breathing ?
becoz atmospheric air easily passes in thru moist surface
28
Gills are the respiratory organs in which organisms ?
fishes, aquatic arthropods and molluscs .
29
GBS is found as a respiratory organ in which organism ?
SPONGES , COELENTRETA AND PLATYHELMINTHES
30
FOUR STEPS OF RESPIRATION
BREATHING
External respiration
Internal respiration
Cellular respiration
31
FEMALES HAVE A LOW AMPLITUDE OF VOICE BECOZ
unlike males their vocal cord doesnot develop to become more thick and prominent
32
Exhaled air has more % of which gas to make it harmful to our body if not disposed ?
CO2
33
Cricoid cartilage is made up of which cartilage
HYALINE
34
cartilage of santorini is made up of which cartilage .
elastic
35
benefit of moist skin or cuticle in respiration when it comes to breathing from atmospheric air
moist skin facilitates passage of air / diffusion of air through moist skin is easy
36
Animals with GBS as their respiratory organ have which habitat ?
Aquatic
37
Amplitude relates to
loudness
38
A bone that does not articulate with any other bone in the body is
hyoid bone
38
does respiratory tract have a posterior opening ?
no
39
Largest cartilage of larynx in terms of size
thyroid
40
larynx is a ___ structure
cartilagenous (9 CARTILAGES IN TOTAL )
41
Adams apple is thickening of which cartilage ?
thyroid
42
LOW PITCHED FREQUENCY OF VOICE IS IN CASE OF TESTOSTERONE ABSENCE OR SECRETION ?
HIGH
43
what happens to vocal cords when we hit puberty ?
they grow , enhance and come into force .
44
Why do males and females sound different ?
coz size of their vocal cord differs and so does its structure
45
Name two types of vocal cords
false and true
46
does true vocal cord help in phonetics
yes
47
false vocal cords help in what ?
moisturizing true vocal cords
48
false vocal cord is present ______ to true vocal cord .
anterior
49
true vocal cords are made up of which CT ?
yellow fibrous CT
50
which cartilage is dorsally complete ?
cricoid
51
shape of arytenoid cartilage
pyramid
52
other name of cartilage of santorini
corniculate
52
cartilage present below thyroid cartilage
cricoid
53
length of trachea
10-12 cm
54
number of rings present on windpipe
16 - 20
55
trachea divides in primary bronchi at which level of vertebrae
T5
56
outside of trachea is made up of _______ which helps trachea during breathing wrt contraction and relaxation .
smooth muscle
57
trachea divides into bronchi at what length of thorax
1/2
58
portion of trachea inside thoracic cavity
1/2
59
cilia present in trachea beats which way and why
outwards to throw out impurities if any
60
Why are c shaped cartilaginous rings present in trachea
to prevent its collapse during exhalation, to save ATP during inspiration and to provide a lil flexibility wrt variable amount of air breathed in .
61
Water and mucus secretion is done by which gland in trachea ?
sero- mucous gland
62
incomplete c shaped rings on trachea are made up of which cartilage
hyaline
63
conducting zone of respiratory tact
from nostrils to terminal bronchioles does sonly conduction and no exchange
64
respiratory zone of respiratory tract
respiratory bronchioles to alveoli - does exchange of gases
65
trachea comes under conducting or respiratory zone ?
conducting
66
the last structure of respiratory tract with rings ?
initial bronchioles
67
are rings present in terminal bronchioles
no
68
colour of the lungs of a new born baby
pinkish
69
colour of the lungs of a normal adult
brownish slightly black lungs (due to breathing pollutants overtime )
70
colour of the lungs of a smoking adult
blackish deflated lungs
71
empty space between two lungs is called what ?
mediastinum
72
mediastinum accommodates which two organs
thymus and heart
73
are muscles present in lungs ? is lung a muscular structure
no
74
how does left lung accommodate heart ?
cardiac knotch
75
lungs are surrounded by which membrane ?
pleural (visceral , parietal and pleural cavity )
76
Function of pleural fluid
reduce friction , lubrication and shock absorber
77
condition of excess pleural fluid
pleural effusion
78
pleura in direct contact with ribcage
parietal
79
pleura in direct contact with lungs
visceral
80
which pleura covers the thoracic cavity ?
parietal
81
characteristic feature of mammals is presence of which muscle ?
phrenic
81
which pleura covers the pulmonary cavity ?
visceral
82
size of which lung is bigger
left
83
which lung has more volume and number of lobes ?
right
84
lobes in left lung
2 - superior , inferior (oblique fissure )
85
lobes in right lung
3 - superior , inferior and medial (oblique fissure and horizontal fissure )
86
number of alveoli combining both lungs
300 million (although not equally distributed among both lungs )
87
site of gaseous exchange in lungs
alveoli
88
cells of alveoli and their types
pneumocytes - type - I and II
89
FUCNTION OF TYPE I PNEUMOCYTE
Lines the alveolar wall and participates in gaseous exchange thru diffusion
90
FUCNTION OF TYPE II PNEUMOCYTE
secretes lecithin
91
what is lecithin ? what does it do ?
its a phospholipid which acts as a surfactant to reduce the surface tension between air and alveolar epithelium so as to prevent alveolar collapse
92
when does lecithin form and line the alveoli in normal humans having a 9 month gestation period ?
at the seventh month pf embryonic development
93
type I pneumocytes are which cells ?
simple sq epi cells hence very thin and small
94
who kills microbes inside alveoli
macrophages
95
in order to be able to enter or exit the blood how many barriers have to be crossed by the gas ?
3 (alveolar epi , basement substance and endothelium )
96
basement substance comprises of what all in respiratory membrane of alveoli
basement membrane of alveoli and basement membrane of endothelium
97
thickness of alveolar exchange surface is
0.2 mm
98
is basement substance a cellular or acellular secretion
acellular
99
why not simply fill the lungs why have alveoli
to increase SA and meet the demand of the body wrt gaseous exchange
99
to facilitate exchange the exchange surface is thin and ______ .
highly moist
100
what is atelactasis ?
alveolar collapse due to insufficient surfactant
101
who r prone to atelactasis ?
smokers and premature babies
102
for the lecithin to produce and line the type i pneumocytes of alveoli in pre mature babies what's done ?
steroids to trigger lecithin production is given so once it is produced the alveoli is covered from it
103
endothelium is made up of which type of cell
simple squamous epi
104
105
