respiration and breathing Flashcards
% of Co2 in exhaled air ?
4.4-5 %
Conclude respiration.
oxidation of food (glucose)to produce energy (atp)
explain external respiration
exchange of gases between pulmonary capillaries coming from heart and alveoli
breathing is a ____________ process and respiration is a ____________ process .
physical , biochemical
which gas in inhaled and exhaled air is in same amount ?
nitrogen (78%) and other gases except co2
% reduction in oxygen exhaled wrt oxygen inhaled
5-6%
respiratory organ in reptiles
lungs
open space is called
sinus / cavity
largest cartilage in larynx
thyroid
External respiration is between alveoli and which capillary ?
pulmonary
Breathing is a physical process which depends on what ?
P-V changes
Which cartilage develops to form Adam’s apple ?
thyroid
When men hit puberty their vocal cords become ___ and ____ due to testosterone secretion .
thick , prominent
When men hit puberty their vocal cords become thick and prominent due to secretion of which hormone ?
testosterone
Uvula prevents entry of food into which cavity ?
nasal
thyroid cartilage is made up of which cartilage ?
hyaline
thyroid cartilage is dorsally complete or not ?
not i.e. its dorsally incomplete
ring shaped cartilage in larynx
cricoid
respiratory organs in amphibians
lungs, gills, buccopharyngeal membrane and skin .
Paired pyramid shaped cartilage in larynx
arytenoid
other name of larynx
sound / voice box
other name of diaphragm
phrenic muscle
Number of cartilages in larynx
9
3 unpaired - thyroid , cricoid and epiglottis .
3 paired - arytenoid , cuniform and corniculate.
Name the respiratory organ of earthworm
moist skin /cuticle
hyoid bone and thyroid cartilage join through which membrane ?
thyrohyoid membrane
Larynx is located on which side of the neck ?
anterior
How does moist skin facilitate breathing ?
becoz atmospheric air easily passes in thru moist surface
Gills are the respiratory organs in which organisms ?
fishes, aquatic arthropods and molluscs .
GBS is found as a respiratory organ in which organism ?
SPONGES , COELENTRETA AND PLATYHELMINTHES
FOUR STEPS OF RESPIRATION
BREATHING
External respiration
Internal respiration
Cellular respiration
FEMALES HAVE A LOW AMPLITUDE OF VOICE BECOZ
unlike males their vocal cord doesnot develop to become more thick and prominent
Exhaled air has more % of which gas to make it harmful to our body if not disposed ?
CO2
Cricoid cartilage is made up of which cartilage
HYALINE
cartilage of santorini is made up of which cartilage .
elastic
benefit of moist skin or cuticle in respiration when it comes to breathing from atmospheric air
moist skin facilitates passage of air / diffusion of air through moist skin is easy
Animals with GBS as their respiratory organ have which habitat ?
Aquatic
Amplitude relates to
loudness
A bone that does not articulate with any other bone in the body is
hyoid bone
does respiratory tract have a posterior opening ?
no
Largest cartilage of larynx in terms of size
thyroid
larynx is a ___ structure
cartilagenous (9 CARTILAGES IN TOTAL )
Adams apple is thickening of which cartilage ?
thyroid
LOW PITCHED FREQUENCY OF VOICE IS IN CASE OF TESTOSTERONE ABSENCE OR SECRETION ?
HIGH
what happens to vocal cords when we hit puberty ?
they grow , enhance and come into force .
Why do males and females sound different ?
coz size of their vocal cord differs and so does its structure
Name two types of vocal cords
false and true
does true vocal cord help in phonetics
yes
false vocal cords help in what ?
moisturizing true vocal cords
false vocal cord is present ______ to true vocal cord .
anterior
true vocal cords are made up of which CT ?
yellow fibrous CT
which cartilage is dorsally complete ?
cricoid
shape of arytenoid cartilage
pyramid
other name of cartilage of santorini
corniculate
cartilage present below thyroid cartilage
cricoid
length of trachea
10-12 cm
number of rings present on windpipe
16 - 20
trachea divides in primary bronchi at which level of vertebrae
T5
outside of trachea is made up of _______ which helps trachea during breathing wrt contraction and relaxation .
smooth muscle
trachea divides into bronchi at what length of thorax
1/2
portion of trachea inside thoracic cavity
1/2
cilia present in trachea beats which way and why
outwards to throw out impurities if any
Why are c shaped cartilaginous rings present in trachea
to prevent its collapse during exhalation, to save ATP during inspiration and to provide a lil flexibility wrt variable amount of air breathed in .
Water and mucus secretion is done by which gland in trachea ?
sero- mucous gland
incomplete c shaped rings on trachea are made up of which cartilage
hyaline
conducting zone of respiratory tact
from nostrils to terminal bronchioles does sonly conduction and no exchange
respiratory zone of respiratory tract
respiratory bronchioles to alveoli - does exchange of gases
trachea comes under conducting or respiratory zone ?
conducting
the last structure of respiratory tract with rings ?
initial bronchioles
are rings present in terminal bronchioles
no
colour of the lungs of a new born baby
pinkish
colour of the lungs of a normal adult
brownish slightly black lungs (due to breathing pollutants overtime )
colour of the lungs of a smoking adult
blackish deflated lungs
empty space between two lungs is called what ?
mediastinum
mediastinum accommodates which two organs
thymus and heart
are muscles present in lungs ? is lung a muscular structure
no
how does left lung accommodate heart ?
cardiac knotch
lungs are surrounded by which membrane ?
pleural (visceral , parietal and pleural cavity )
Function of pleural fluid
reduce friction , lubrication and shock absorber
condition of excess pleural fluid
pleural effusion
pleura in direct contact with ribcage
parietal
pleura in direct contact with lungs
visceral
which pleura covers the thoracic cavity ?
parietal
characteristic feature of mammals is presence of which muscle ?
phrenic
which pleura covers the pulmonary cavity ?
visceral
size of which lung is bigger
left
which lung has more volume and number of lobes ?
right
lobes in left lung
2 - superior , inferior (oblique fissure )
lobes in right lung
3 - superior , inferior and medial (oblique fissure and horizontal fissure )
number of alveoli combining both lungs
300 million (although not equally distributed among both lungs )
site of gaseous exchange in lungs
alveoli
cells of alveoli and their types
pneumocytes - type - I and II
FUCNTION OF TYPE I PNEUMOCYTE
Lines the alveolar wall and participates in gaseous exchange thru diffusion
FUCNTION OF TYPE II PNEUMOCYTE
secretes lecithin
what is lecithin ? what does it do ?
its a phospholipid which acts as a surfactant to reduce the surface tension between air and alveolar epithelium so as to prevent alveolar collapse
when does lecithin form and line the alveoli in normal humans having a 9 month gestation period ?
at the seventh month pf embryonic development
type I pneumocytes are which cells ?
simple sq epi cells hence very thin and small
who kills microbes inside alveoli
macrophages
in order to be able to enter or exit the blood how many barriers have to be crossed by the gas ?
3 (alveolar epi , basement substance and endothelium )
basement substance comprises of what all in respiratory membrane of alveoli
basement membrane of alveoli and basement membrane of endothelium
thickness of alveolar exchange surface is
0.2 mm
is basement substance a cellular or acellular secretion
acellular
why not simply fill the lungs why have alveoli
to increase SA and meet the demand of the body wrt gaseous exchange
to facilitate exchange the exchange surface is thin and ______ .
highly moist
what is atelactasis ?
alveolar collapse due to insufficient surfactant
who r prone to atelactasis ?
smokers and premature babies
for the lecithin to produce and line the type i pneumocytes of alveoli in pre mature babies what’s done ?
steroids to trigger lecithin production is given so once it is produced the alveoli is covered from it
endothelium is made up of which type of cell
simple squamous epi
