Respiration - A12 Flashcards

Question

What is produced in total for respiration?

Answer 1

6 carbon dioxide 6 water 32 ATP

Answer 2

-Glucose is phosphorylated using a phosphate from a molecule of ATP so glucose is more reactive -produces glucose phosphate and ADP -ATP is used to add another phosphate, forming glucose bisphosphate(hexose) -This is split into two triose phosphates -The triose phosphates are oxidised forming two molecules of pyruvate -NAD collects the hydrogen ions, forming 2 NADH -4 ATP are produces, but two were used in phosphorylation, so there is a net gain of two ATP

Answer 3

mitochondrial matrix

Answer 4

-pyruvate is decarboxylated, so one carbon atom is removed from pyruvate in the form of carbon dioxide -at the same time, pyruvate is oxidised to form acetate and NAD is reduced to for NADH -acetate is then combined with coenzyme A to form acetyl coenzyme A -no ATP is produced

Answer 5

mitochondrial matrix

Answer 6

-Acetyl CoA(2 carbons) combines with oxaloacetate(4 carbons) to form citrate(6 carbon compound) -Coenzyme A goes back to the link reaction to be used again -Citrate is converted into a 5 carbon intermediate compound through decarboxylation and oxidation(and dehydrogenated)(NAD is reduced to NADH) -the 5 carbon compound is converted into oxaloacetate(4 carbon compound) -it is decarboxylated and oxidised(dehydrogenated), producing FADH from FAD and 2 NADH from 2 NAD, as well as CO2 -ATP is produced by the direct transfer of a phosphate group from an intermediate molecule to ADP

Answer 7

when a phosphate group is directly transferred from one molecule to another

Answer 8

Inner membrane

Answer 9

1)Hydrogen atoms are released from NADH and FADH as they are oxidised to NAD and FAD. The hydrogen atoms split into protons(H+) and electrons(e-). 2)the electrons move down the electron transfer chain, losing energy at each carrier 3)the energy is used by the electron carriers to pump protons from the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space(between the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes) 4)The conc. of protons is now higher in the intermembrane space than in the matrix-electrochemical gradient has been formed. 5)Protons move down the electrochemical gradient, back down across the inner mitochondrial membrane and into the matrix via ATP synthase(which is embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane). This movement drives the synthesis of ATP from ADP and Pi. 6)This process of ATP production driven by the movement of H+ ions across a membrane(due to electrons moving down an electron transport chain) is called chemiosmosis. 7)In the matrix, at the end of the transport chain, the protons, electrons and oxygen(from the blood) combine to water. Oxygen is said to be the final electron acceptor.

Answer 10

One involves the first stage, glycolysis and produces lactic acid or ethanol and CO2.

Answer 11

-ethanol through alcoholic fermentation in yeast and plants -lactate through lactate fermentation in animals and some bacteria -both use reduced NAD

Answer 12

-production of lactate or ethanol regenerates NAD -therefore glycolysis can continue even when there isn’t much oxygen available -so a small amount of ATP can still be produced to keep some biological processes going

Answer 13

A single celled organism that can be grown in a culture. It produces cO2 in either type of respiration

Answer 14

Rate of CO2 production indicates respiration rate. CO2 production can be measured by using a gas syringe to collect O2.

Answer 15

-can be used to indicate the rate of aerobic respiration by measuring the volume of oxygen consumed by an organism over a period of time -can be used for small animals such as wood lice and also seeds/plants