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BIOLOGY A2 > Respiration > Flashcards

Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

Define Phosphorylation? (1)

A

⦾ Adding Pi to molecule (1)

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2
Q

Aerobic + Anaerobic respiration similarities? (2)

A

⦾ Both produce ATP (anaerobic less) (1)

⦾ Both start with glycolysis (1)

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3
Q

What is the structure of mitochondria? (3)

A

⦾ Matrix (1)
⦾ Inner membrane/Cristae - increase SA to maximise respiration (1)
⦾ Outer membrane (1)

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4
Q

Define coenzyme? (1)

A

⦾ Molecule which aids enzyme function

⦾ by transferring chemical group to it(1)

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5
Q

Give some examples of coenzymes in respiration? (2)

A

⦾ NAD + FAD - Transfer H+ (reduce/oxidise) (1)

⦾ CoA - Transfer Acetate between molecules (1)

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6
Q

What are the 4 main stages of Aerobic respiration and where do they occur? (8)

A

1 ⦿ Glycolysis - Cytoplasm (2)
2 ⦿ Link Reaction - Mitochondria (2)
3 ⦿ Kreb Cycle - Mitochondria (2)
4 ⦿ Oxidative Phosphorylation - Mitochondria (2)

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7
Q

Which respiratory substrates can be used in Aerobic Respiration? (3)

A

⦾ Glucose (1)
⦾ Fatty acids (1)
⦾ AAs (1)

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8
Q

What are the main differences between Anaerobic and Aerobic respiration? (4)

A

⦾ NO Link Reaction (1)
⦾ NO Krebs Cycle (1)
⦾ NO Oxidative Phosphorylation (1)
⦾ Glycolysis products converted ethanol or lactate instead. (1)

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9
Q

Where does Glycolysis occur? (1)
What does it make? (1)
What does it split to make the end product?

A

⦾ cytoplasm (1)
⦾ pyruvate (1)
⦾ glucose (6C) into 2 X Pyruvate (3C) (1)

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10
Q

What are the 2 main stages in glycolysis? (2)

A

⦾ Phosphorylation (1)

⦾ Oxidation (1)

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11
Q

Explain fully the process of glycolysis?

A
  1. Phosphorylation:
    ⦾ Glucose phosphorylated with Pi (from ATP)
    ⦾ Forms 1 glucose-phosphate + 1 ADP
    ⦾ ATP then adds another Pi to glucose-phosphate forming hexose biphosphate
    ⦾ Hexose biphosphate split into: 2 TP
  2. Oxidation:
    ⦾ TP oxidised (loses H+)
    ⦾ Forms 2 Pyruvate
    ⦾ NAD collects H+ forming 2 X NADH
    ⦾ 4 ATP produced - but 2 used up in phosphorylation so net gain 2 ATP.
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12
Q

Why does glycolysis occur in the cytoplasm?

Why do the rest of the reactions occur in the mitochondria?

A

⦾ Glucose can’t cross outer mitochondrial membrane

⦾ Pyruvate can so rest of reactions occur in mitochondria.

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13
Q

What are the 3 main products of glycolysis?

A

⦾ 2 X NADH
⦾ 2 X Pyruvate
⦾ 2 X ATP

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14
Q

What are the 3 main products of glycolysis used for?

A

⦾ 2 X NADH - Oxidative Phosphorylation
⦾ 2 X Pyruvate - The Link reaction
⦾ 2 X ATP - Energy

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15
Q

What happens to the pyruvate from glycolysis in Anaerobic respiration? (Yeast)

A

⦾ Converted to Ethanol or Lactate

Pyruvate → Ethanal (releases CO2) → (NADH to NAD) Ethanol

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16
Q

What happens to the pyruvate from glycolysis in Anaerobic respiration? (Lactate)

A

⦾ Pyruvate → (NAD to NADH) Lactate
⦿ NAD oxidised
⦾ Catalysed by lactate dehydrogenase

17
Q

Explain the Link Reaction fully?

A

1 ⦾ Pyruvate decarboxylated (1 C removed) in form of CO2
2 ⦾ At same time, pyruvate’s oxidised to form acetate + NAD reduced to NADH
3 ⦾ Acetate combines with CoA to form acetyle CoA

18
Q

How many times does the Link reaction occur per glucose molecule?

A

⦾ 2 X pyruvate molecules made for every glucose molecule (in glycolysis)
⦾ So Link reaction + Kreb cycle happen TWICE per glucose molecule

19
Q

What are the 3 main products of the Link reaction?

A

⦾ 2 X Acetyl CoA
⦾ 2 X CO2
⦾ 2 X NADH

20
Q

Where do the 3 main products of the Link reaction for use?

A

⦾ 2 X Acetyl CoA - Kreb cycle
⦾ 2 X CO2 - Released as waste product
⦾ 2 X NADH - Oxidative Phosphorylation

21
Q

Where does the Kreb cycle occur?

A

⦾ Mitochondrial matrix

22
Q

How many times does the Kreb cycle occur?

A

⦾ Once per pyruvate molecule

23
Q

Explain the process of the Kreb cycle fully?

A

1 ⦾ Acetyle CoA (from Link reaction) combines with 4C oxaloacetate to form 6C citrate
2 ⦾ CoA returns to Link reaction to be used again
———————————————————————————–
3 ⦾ Decarboxylation causes CO2 removal
4 ⦾ Dehydrogenisation occurs - H+ used to produce NADH from NAD
———————————————————————————–
5 ⦾ 5C molecule converted to 4C
6 ⦾ Decarboxylation + Dehydrogenisation occur producing 1 X FAD and 2 X NADH
7 ⦾ Substrate-level Phosphorylation occurs where intermediate transfers Pi to ADP
8 ⦾ Citrate now converted to oxaloacetate

24
Q

What are the products of the Kreb cycle?

A 
⦾ 1 X CoA 
⦾ 2 X CO2 
⦾ 1 X ATP 
⦾ 3 X NADH 
⦾ 1 X FADH2 
⦾ Oxaloacetate
25
Q

What are the uses of the products of the Kreb cycle?

A 
⦾ 1 X CoA - Reused in Link reaction
⦾ 2 X CO2 - Released as waste product
⦾ 1 X ATP - Energy
⦾ 3 X NADH - Oxidative Phosphorylation
⦾ 1 X FADH2 - Oxidative Phosphorylation
⦾ Oxaloacetate - Regenerated for next use in Krebs
26
Q

Explain Oxidative Phosphorylation fully?

A

1 ⦾ H atoms released from NADH + FADH2 when oxidised to NAD + FAD
2 ⦾ H split into H+ and e-
3 ⦾ e- move down ETC, losing energy at each carrier
4 ⦾ Energy being lost is used by carriers to pump protons from mitochondrial matrix into intermembrane spaces
5 ⦾ H+ conc now higher in intermembrane spaces than mitochondrial matrix forming: electrochemical grad. (ion conc. grad.)
6 ⦾ H+ move down electrochemical grad. from intermembrane spaces, across inner mitochondrial spaces into mitochondrial matrix via ATP synthase
7 ⦾ Movement drives ADP + Pi → ATP synthesis
8 ⦾ ATP production driven by H+ ion movement across membrane (e- moving down ETC) - chemiosmotic theory
9 ⦾ In mitochondrial matrix, end of ETC - O (from blood), H+ and e- combine to form water:
1/2 O2 + 2H+ + e- → H2O
10 ⦾ O2 is the final electron acceptor

27
Q

Explain what Mitochondrial disease affect?

A

⦾ Affects ATP production
⦾ Affect mitochondria function
⦾ Affect proteins involved in Oxidative Phosphorylation
and Kreb’s cycle function, reducing ATP production.

28
Q

What may occur as a result of Mitochondrial disease?

A

⦾ Increased anaerobic respiration to make up for ATP shortage
⦾ So lots of lactate is produced - fatigue + weakness
⦾ Some lactate diffuses into bloodstream - high lactate conc.s in blood

BIOLOGY A2 (3 decks)

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