Respiration Flashcards
1
Q
What are the two types of respiration?
A
- Aerobic (with oxygen).
- Anaerobic (without oxygen).
2
Q
What occurs during glycolysis
A
The splitting of one molecule of glucose (6C) into two smaller pyruvates (3C).
3
Q
During glycolysis, what is the net change in ATP and NADH?
A
+ ATP
+ 2 NADH
4
Q
How many carbons in a pyruvate molecule?
A
Pyruvate is a 3C molecule.
5
Q
Which process of respiration happens in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration?
A
Glycolysis.
6
Q
Is glycolysis an aerobic or anaerobic process?
A
It doesn’t require oxygen meaning it is an anaerobic process.
7
Q
Where do aerobic and anaerobic respiration split?
A
After glycolysis.
8
Q
Where does glycolysis occur?
A
In the cytoplasm.
9
Q
What is the first stage of respiration?
A
Glycolysis.
10
Q
Both aerobic and anaerobic respiration produce ATP, which produces more ATP?
A
Aerobic produces more ATP than anaerobic.
11
Q
When is ATP first used in phosphorylation?
A
During glycolysis it is used to phosphorylate glucose to triose phosphate.
12
Q
What are the advantages of using ATP as an energy source?
A
- Small packets.
- Easily recycled.
- One step energy release.
13
Q
What is a heterotroph?
A
Organisms which use large organic molecules from other organisms for growth and energy.
14
Q
What is a autotroph?
A
Organisms which make large complex molecules from simple inorganic compounds using energy from the environment.
15
Q
What is a photoautotroph?
A
Organisms which use light energy to make food (photosynthesise).
16
Q
What are saprotrophs?
A
A subgroup of heterotrophs which include fungi and bacterium which secrete digestive enzymes.
17
Q
What is the structure of ATP?
A
- One adenine,
- One ribose,
- Three phosphate groups.
18
Q
What is the main reaction used to release energy?
A
ATP + H20 -> ADP + Pi
19
Q
Explain why the energy release for ATP -> ADP and ADP -> AMP is over 2x that of AMP to AP?
A
Because the are no negative charges between Phosphate groups to repel.
20
Q
Where does glycolysis occur in a muscle cell?
A
Sacroplasm.
21
Q
What are the products of lactate fermentation?
A
Lactate.
22
Q
What are the products of ethanol fermentation?
A
Ethanol + Carbon Dioxide.
23
Q
What are the reactants for lactate fermentation?
A
Pyruvate.
24
Q
What are the reactants for ethanol fermentation?
A
Pyruvate.
25
What is Oxaloacetate?
The accepter in the 1st stage of the Krebs Cycle.
26
What are the stalked particles?
Enzymes ATPsynthase.
27
What is glucokinase?
An enzyme which adds a phosphate group to a glucose molecule.
28
What is a kinase?
An enzyme which adds a phosphate group.
29
Outline the full chemical process of glycolysis?
```
Glucose ->
Glucose-6-phosphate ->
Frucotse-6-phosphate ->
Fructose-1,6-diphosphate ->
2 x Triose phosphate (TP) ->
2 x Phosphoglycerate (GP) ->
2 x Pyruvate.
```
30
T / F:
| Glycolysis always occurs in the cytoplasm.
False - It occurs in the cytoplasm for most cells, however, in muscle cells it occurs in the sarcoplasm which is different from the cytoplasm.
31
Which enzyme catalyses the reaction of glucose -> glucose-6-phosphate.
Glucokinase.
32
How does the structure of glucose differ from that of glucose-6-phosphate?
The phosphate group is on the 6th carbon.
33
Which enzyme is involved in isomerisation?
Isomerase.
34
Where does the anaerobic reaction occur?
In the cytoplasm.
35
What is the start and finish product of glycolysis?
Glycolysis:
| Glucose -> Pyruvate.
36
Where does the aerobic reaction occur?
In the mitochondria.
37
Which organisms undergo lactate fermentation?
Animals.
38
How many carbon dioxide molecules are produced in the link reaction?
2x CO2.
39
T / F:
| The final product of glycolysis is pyruvic acid.
False - It is pyruvate which has one less H+ than pyruvic acid.
40
Why is the inner membrane folded into a cristae?
To allow for more stalked particle formation.
41
What is the anaerobic process in animals?
Lactate fermentation.
42
Describe the structure of the mitochondrial envelope:
It has an inner and outer membrane, both are phospholipid bilayers.
43
How many carbon dioxide molecules are produced in the krebs cycle?
4x CO2.
44
Which organisms undergo ethanol fermentation?
Plants and fungi.
45
What is the enzyme is involved in the reaction from Glucose-6-phosphate and Fructose-6-phosphate?
Isomerase.
46
What is the enzyme involved in the reaction from Fructose-6-phosphate and Fructose-1,6-phosphate?
Fructokinase.
47
What is special about the molecule of fructose-1,6-diphosphate?
It is symmetrical so it can be split.
48
What is fructokinase?
An enzyme which adds a phosphate group to the fructose.
49
What is the structure of ADP?
- One adenine,
- One ribose,
- Two phosphate groups.
50
What is the anaerobic reaction in plants and fungi?
Ethanol fermentation.
51
What is the 'lysis' in glycolysis?
Fructose-1,6-diphosphate -> TP.
52
What is Triose Phosphate?
```
Triose = 3 Carbon sugar.
Phosphate = Phosphorus ion.
```
53
What is the common name for the molecule called phosphoglyceraldehyde?
Triose Phosphate (TP).
54
What is the formula of reduced NAD?
NADH2.
55
What is the equation for the reduction of NAD?
NAD + 2H -> NADH2
56
How many hydrogen does it take to reduce a molecule of NAD?
2.
57
How many total ATP molecules are generated during glycolysis?
Four ATP molecules.
58
How many total ATP molecules are used during glycolysis?
Two ATP molecules.
59
What is the net gain of ATP molecules from glycolysis?
2 are utilised and 4 are produced, the net gain is 2.
60
What is NAD?
A coenzyme which acts as a carrier of H+.
61
NAD, FAD and NADP are all examples of coenzymes, what is meant by coenzyme?
A molecule which is not actually an enzyme, but is required for enzyme reaction.
62
What is NADH2?
Reduced NAD.
63
What is the equation for the oxidation of NAD?
NADH2 -> NAD + 2H
64
What is the common name for the molecule called phosphoglycerate?
GP.
65
How many NADH2 molecules are produced during glycolysis?
2 NADH2 produced.
66
What are the stages of aerobic respiration?
- Glycolysis,
- Link reaction,
- Krebs cycle,
- Oxidative phosphorylation.
67
What molecule goes into the link reaction?
Pyruvate (generated from glycolysis).
68
What is the final product of the link reaction?
Acetyl Co-A.
69
Where does the link reaction occur?
Within the matric of the mitochondrion.
70
What is carboxylation?
Where CO2 is added to a molecule.
71
What is FAD?
A coenzyme similar to NAD which acts as a hydrogen carrier.
72
What is the formula of reduced FAD?
FADH2.
73
What molecule enters the krebs cycle?
Acetyl CO-a.
74
What is formed during the link reaction?
Acetyl Co-A.
- NADH2.
- CO2.
75
Describe what happens in the krebs cycle?
```
Acetyl Co-A ->
Citric acid ->
Keto glutaric acid ->
Succinic acid ->
Malic acid ->
Oxaloacetic acid.
```
76
What is the fourth phase of aerobic respiration?
Oxidative phosphorylation / Electron transport chain.
77
Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur?
The cristae of the mitochondria.
78
What is the theoretical amount of ATP that can be produced form the 1 glucose molecule in aerobic respiration?
38 ATP for 1 glucose.
79
What is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?
Oxygen.
80
Why is the actual ATP production in aerobic respiration lesser than the theoretical mass?
Hydrogen leakage.
81
What is produced by the electron transport chain?
ATP and H20.
82
What is the core of the electron carrier proteins?
Electron carrier proteins have a Fe3+ ion core.
83
What is the charge of the electron carrier protein cores?
the core is Fe2+ with an electron and Fe3+ without an electron.
84
What is the realistic amount of ATP that can be produced form the 1 glucose molecule in aerobic respiration?
30 ATP for 1 glucose.
85
On the electron transport chain, where do the electrons come from?
Reduced NAD or FAD from earlier stages.
86
What is the pH levels of the intermembrane space?
The pH is low because of the high H+ concentration.
87
During the link reaction, how is pyruvate converted into Acetyl CO-A?
It is oxidised through removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms.
88
The movement of electrons releases energy, how is this energy used?
To pump H+ ions into the intermembrane space.
89
Explain how a proton gradient is created with the intermembrane space:
Energy from the ETC is used to pump H+ in and create a high gradient inside the space.
90
How is ATP produced by the ETC?
Energy from electron carriers is used to pump H+ into intermembrane space, creating an electrochemical gradient. The H+ leave the space through the ATPsynthase which catalyses the reaction of ADP +Pi.
91
During the link reaction, hydrogens are removed from the pyruvic acid to form Acetyl CO-A, what happens to these hydrogens?
They are accepted by theNAD.
92
How many molecules of ATP are produced by the link reaction?
None!
93
What is the second step of aerobic respiration?
The link reaction.
94
How many molecules of ATP are produced by the krebs cycle?
2 ATP.
95
Where does the krebs cycle happen?
Within the matrix of the mitochondria.
96
What happens in the link reaction?
Pyruvate diffuses into the matrix where it is converted into 2 Acetyl Co-A molecules.
97
What is involved with the krebs cycle?
Oxidation of the citric acid into a 4-carbon acid.
98
What is the third step of aerobic respiration?
The krebs cycle.
99
How many carbons are in an Acetyl Coenzyme-A molecule?
2 Carbons.
100
What is decarboxylation?
When CO2 is removed from a molecule.
101
Of the 38 ATP molecules produced by one glucose molecule, how many are generated by oxidative phosphorylation?
34 of the 38.
102
What is oligomycin?
A molecule which stops rotation, inhibiting ATP synthase.
103
Why must oxygen be present at the ETC?
Oxygen must be present to accept the electrons at hte end of the chain and combine with the H+ ions to form water.
104
How many of each molecule are produced during glycolysis:
- CO2:
- ATP:
- reduced NAD:
- reduced FAD:
CO2: 0
ATP: 2
reduced NAD: 2
reduced FAD: 0
105
Which molecule inhibits ATP synthase?
Oligomycin.
106
What is the destination of the reduced FAD produced during aerobic respiration?
Oxidative phosphorylation.
107
What is the reaction that converts proteins into amino acids?
Hydrolysis.
108
What is the destination of the ATP produced during aerobic respiration?
Endogonic reaction.
109
Finish the equation:
| Pyruvate + 2H =
Pyruvate + 2H = Lactate.
110
What is lactate more commonly known as?
Lactic acid.
111
What enzyme is used in Lactate fermentation?
Lactate dehydrogenase
112
How many of each molecule are produced during the link reaction:
- CO2:
- ATP:
- reduced NAD:
- reduced FAD:
CO2: 2
ATP: 0
reduced NAD: 2
reduced FAD: 0
113
What is the destination of the reduced NAD produced during aerobic respiration?
Oxidative phosphorylation.
114
What enzyme is used in Ethanol fermentation?
Pyruvate decarboxylase and Ethanol dehydrogenase.
115
How many of each molecule are produced during aerobic respiration:
- CO2:
- ATP:
- reduced NAD:
- reduced FAD:
CO2: 6
ATP: 4
reduced NAD: 10
reduced FAD: 2
116
What is the destination of the CO2 produced during aerobic respiration?
Waste.
117
How many of each molecule are produced during the krebs cycle:
- CO2:
- ATP:
- reduced NAD:
- reduced FAD:
CO2: 4
ATP: 2
reduced NAD: 6
reduced FAD: 2
118
How much energy is released from the reaction:
| AMP -> AP + Pi
-14.2 Kj/mol
119
Where does lactate fermentation occur in a cell?
In the cytoplasm.
120
Which part of the mitochondria is essentially the cytosol?
Matrix.
121
What are the features of a mitochondria cell?
- Inner and outer membranes.
- Intermembrane space.
- Matrix.
- Cristae.
- DNA.
- Ribosomes.
122
What are the constituents of the envelope?
The inner and outer membranes.
123
How much energy is released from the reaction:
| ADP -> AMP + Pi
-30.6 Kj/mol
124
How much energy is released from the reaction:
| ATP -> ADP + Pi
-30.6 Kj/mol
