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Bio U6 (1) > Respiration > Flashcards

Respiration Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the two types of respiration?

A
  • Aerobic (with oxygen).

- Anaerobic (without oxygen).

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2
Q

What occurs during glycolysis

A

The splitting of one molecule of glucose (6C) into two smaller pyruvates (3C).

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3
Q

During glycolysis, what is the net change in ATP and NADH?

A

+ ATP

+ 2 NADH

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4
Q

How many carbons in a pyruvate molecule?

A

Pyruvate is a 3C molecule.

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5
Q

Which process of respiration happens in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

A

Glycolysis.

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6
Q

Is glycolysis an aerobic or anaerobic process?

A

It doesn’t require oxygen meaning it is an anaerobic process.

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7
Q

Where do aerobic and anaerobic respiration split?

A

After glycolysis.

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8
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

In the cytoplasm.

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9
Q

What is the first stage of respiration?

A

Glycolysis.

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10
Q

Both aerobic and anaerobic respiration produce ATP, which produces more ATP?

A

Aerobic produces more ATP than anaerobic.

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11
Q

When is ATP first used in phosphorylation?

A

During glycolysis it is used to phosphorylate glucose to triose phosphate.

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12
Q

What are the advantages of using ATP as an energy source?

A
  • Small packets.
  • Easily recycled.
  • One step energy release.
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13
Q

What is a heterotroph?

A

Organisms which use large organic molecules from other organisms for growth and energy.

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14
Q

What is a autotroph?

A

Organisms which make large complex molecules from simple inorganic compounds using energy from the environment.

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15
Q

What is a photoautotroph?

A

Organisms which use light energy to make food (photosynthesise).

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16
Q

What are saprotrophs?

A

A subgroup of heterotrophs which include fungi and bacterium which secrete digestive enzymes.

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17
Q

What is the structure of ATP?

A
  • One adenine,
  • One ribose,
  • Three phosphate groups.
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18
Q

What is the main reaction used to release energy?

A

ATP + H20 -> ADP + Pi

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19
Q

Explain why the energy release for ATP -> ADP and ADP -> AMP is over 2x that of AMP to AP?

A

Because the are no negative charges between Phosphate groups to repel.

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20
Q

Where does glycolysis occur in a muscle cell?

A

Sacroplasm.

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21
Q

What are the products of lactate fermentation?

A

Lactate.

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22
Q

What are the products of ethanol fermentation?

A

Ethanol + Carbon Dioxide.

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23
Q

What are the reactants for lactate fermentation?

A

Pyruvate.

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24
Q

What are the reactants for ethanol fermentation?

A

Pyruvate.

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25
Q

What is Oxaloacetate?

A

The accepter in the 1st stage of the Krebs Cycle.

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26
Q

What are the stalked particles?

A

Enzymes ATPsynthase.

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27
Q

What is glucokinase?

A

An enzyme which adds a phosphate group to a glucose molecule.

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28
Q

What is a kinase?

A

An enzyme which adds a phosphate group.

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29
Q

Outline the full chemical process of glycolysis?

A 
Glucose ->
Glucose-6-phosphate ->
Frucotse-6-phosphate ->
Fructose-1,6-diphosphate ->
2 x Triose phosphate (TP) ->
2 x Phosphoglycerate (GP) ->
2 x Pyruvate.
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30
Q

T / F:

Glycolysis always occurs in the cytoplasm.

A

False - It occurs in the cytoplasm for most cells, however, in muscle cells it occurs in the sarcoplasm which is different from the cytoplasm.

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31
Q

Which enzyme catalyses the reaction of glucose -> glucose-6-phosphate.

A

Glucokinase.

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32
Q

How does the structure of glucose differ from that of glucose-6-phosphate?

A

The phosphate group is on the 6th carbon.

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33
Q

Which enzyme is involved in isomerisation?

A

Isomerase.

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34
Q

Where does the anaerobic reaction occur?

A

In the cytoplasm.

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35
Q

What is the start and finish product of glycolysis?

A

Glycolysis:

Glucose -> Pyruvate.

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36
Q

Where does the aerobic reaction occur?

A

In the mitochondria.

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37
Q

Which organisms undergo lactate fermentation?

A

Animals.

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38
Q

How many carbon dioxide molecules are produced in the link reaction?

A

2x CO2.

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39
Q

T / F:

The final product of glycolysis is pyruvic acid.

A

False - It is pyruvate which has one less H+ than pyruvic acid.

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40
Q

Why is the inner membrane folded into a cristae?

A

To allow for more stalked particle formation.

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41
Q

What is the anaerobic process in animals?

A

Lactate fermentation.

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42
Q

Describe the structure of the mitochondrial envelope:

A

It has an inner and outer membrane, both are phospholipid bilayers.

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43
Q

How many carbon dioxide molecules are produced in the krebs cycle?

A

4x CO2.

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44
Q

Which organisms undergo ethanol fermentation?

A

Plants and fungi.

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45
Q

What is the enzyme is involved in the reaction from Glucose-6-phosphate and Fructose-6-phosphate?

A

Isomerase.

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46
Q

What is the enzyme involved in the reaction from Fructose-6-phosphate and Fructose-1,6-phosphate?

A

Fructokinase.

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47
Q

What is special about the molecule of fructose-1,6-diphosphate?

A

It is symmetrical so it can be split.

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48
Q

What is fructokinase?

A

An enzyme which adds a phosphate group to the fructose.

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49
Q

What is the structure of ADP?

A
  • One adenine,
  • One ribose,
  • Two phosphate groups.
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50
Q

What is the anaerobic reaction in plants and fungi?

A

Ethanol fermentation.

51
Q

What is the ‘lysis’ in glycolysis?

A

Fructose-1,6-diphosphate -> TP.

52
Q

What is Triose Phosphate?

A 
Triose = 3 Carbon sugar.
Phosphate = Phosphorus ion.
53
Q

What is the common name for the molecule called phosphoglyceraldehyde?

A

Triose Phosphate (TP).

54
Q

What is the formula of reduced NAD?

A

NADH2.

55
Q

What is the equation for the reduction of NAD?

A

NAD + 2H -> NADH2

56
Q

How many hydrogen does it take to reduce a molecule of NAD?

A

2.

57
Q

How many total ATP molecules are generated during glycolysis?

A

Four ATP molecules.

58
Q

How many total ATP molecules are used during glycolysis?

A

Two ATP molecules.

59
Q

What is the net gain of ATP molecules from glycolysis?

A

2 are utilised and 4 are produced, the net gain is 2.

60
Q

What is NAD?

A

A coenzyme which acts as a carrier of H+.

61
Q

NAD, FAD and NADP are all examples of coenzymes, what is meant by coenzyme?

A

A molecule which is not actually an enzyme, but is required for enzyme reaction.

62
Q

What is NADH2?

A

Reduced NAD.

63
Q

What is the equation for the oxidation of NAD?

A

NADH2 -> NAD + 2H

64
Q

What is the common name for the molecule called phosphoglycerate?

A

GP.

65
Q

How many NADH2 molecules are produced during glycolysis?

A

2 NADH2 produced.

66
Q

What are the stages of aerobic respiration?

A
  • Glycolysis,
  • Link reaction,
  • Krebs cycle,
  • Oxidative phosphorylation.
67
Q

What molecule goes into the link reaction?

A

Pyruvate (generated from glycolysis).

68
Q

What is the final product of the link reaction?

A

Acetyl Co-A.

69
Q

Where does the link reaction occur?

A

Within the matric of the mitochondrion.

70
Q

What is carboxylation?

A

Where CO2 is added to a molecule.

71
Q

What is FAD?

A

A coenzyme similar to NAD which acts as a hydrogen carrier.

72
Q

What is the formula of reduced FAD?

A

FADH2.

73
Q

What molecule enters the krebs cycle?

A

Acetyl CO-a.

74
Q

What is formed during the link reaction?

A

Acetyl Co-A.

  • NADH2.
  • CO2.
75
Q

Describe what happens in the krebs cycle?

A 
Acetyl Co-A ->
Citric acid ->
Keto glutaric acid ->
Succinic acid ->
Malic acid ->
Oxaloacetic acid.
76
Q

What is the fourth phase of aerobic respiration?

A

Oxidative phosphorylation / Electron transport chain.

77
Q

Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur?

A

The cristae of the mitochondria.

78
Q

What is the theoretical amount of ATP that can be produced form the 1 glucose molecule in aerobic respiration?

A

38 ATP for 1 glucose.

79
Q

What is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?

A

Oxygen.

80
Q

Why is the actual ATP production in aerobic respiration lesser than the theoretical mass?

A

Hydrogen leakage.

81
Q

What is produced by the electron transport chain?

A

ATP and H20.

82
Q

What is the core of the electron carrier proteins?

A

Electron carrier proteins have a Fe3+ ion core.

83
Q

What is the charge of the electron carrier protein cores?

A

the core is Fe2+ with an electron and Fe3+ without an electron.

84
Q

What is the realistic amount of ATP that can be produced form the 1 glucose molecule in aerobic respiration?

A

30 ATP for 1 glucose.

85
Q

On the electron transport chain, where do the electrons come from?

A

Reduced NAD or FAD from earlier stages.

86
Q

What is the pH levels of the intermembrane space?

A

The pH is low because of the high H+ concentration.

87
Q

During the link reaction, how is pyruvate converted into Acetyl CO-A?

A

It is oxidised through removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms.

88
Q

The movement of electrons releases energy, how is this energy used?

A

To pump H+ ions into the intermembrane space.

89
Q

Explain how a proton gradient is created with the intermembrane space:

A

Energy from the ETC is used to pump H+ in and create a high gradient inside the space.

90
Q

How is ATP produced by the ETC?

A

Energy from electron carriers is used to pump H+ into intermembrane space, creating an electrochemical gradient. The H+ leave the space through the ATPsynthase which catalyses the reaction of ADP +Pi.

91
Q

During the link reaction, hydrogens are removed from the pyruvic acid to form Acetyl CO-A, what happens to these hydrogens?

A

They are accepted by theNAD.

92
Q

How many molecules of ATP are produced by the link reaction?

A

None!

93
Q

What is the second step of aerobic respiration?

A

The link reaction.

94
Q

How many molecules of ATP are produced by the krebs cycle?

A

2 ATP.

95
Q

Where does the krebs cycle happen?

A

Within the matrix of the mitochondria.

96
Q

What happens in the link reaction?

A

Pyruvate diffuses into the matrix where it is converted into 2 Acetyl Co-A molecules.

97
Q

What is involved with the krebs cycle?

A

Oxidation of the citric acid into a 4-carbon acid.

98
Q

What is the third step of aerobic respiration?

A

The krebs cycle.

99
Q

How many carbons are in an Acetyl Coenzyme-A molecule?

A

2 Carbons.

100
Q

What is decarboxylation?

A

When CO2 is removed from a molecule.

101
Q

Of the 38 ATP molecules produced by one glucose molecule, how many are generated by oxidative phosphorylation?

A

34 of the 38.

102
Q

What is oligomycin?

A

A molecule which stops rotation, inhibiting ATP synthase.

103
Q

Why must oxygen be present at the ETC?

A

Oxygen must be present to accept the electrons at hte end of the chain and combine with the H+ ions to form water.

104
Q

How many of each molecule are produced during glycolysis:

  • CO2:
  • ATP:
  • reduced NAD:
  • reduced FAD:
A

CO2: 0
ATP: 2
reduced NAD: 2
reduced FAD: 0

105
Q

Which molecule inhibits ATP synthase?

A

Oligomycin.

106
Q

What is the destination of the reduced FAD produced during aerobic respiration?

A

Oxidative phosphorylation.

107
Q

What is the reaction that converts proteins into amino acids?

A

Hydrolysis.

108
Q

What is the destination of the ATP produced during aerobic respiration?

A

Endogonic reaction.

109
Q

Finish the equation:

Pyruvate + 2H =

A

Pyruvate + 2H = Lactate.

110
Q

What is lactate more commonly known as?

A

Lactic acid.

111
Q

What enzyme is used in Lactate fermentation?

A

Lactate dehydrogenase

112
Q

How many of each molecule are produced during the link reaction:

  • CO2:
  • ATP:
  • reduced NAD:
  • reduced FAD:
A

CO2: 2
ATP: 0
reduced NAD: 2
reduced FAD: 0

113
Q

What is the destination of the reduced NAD produced during aerobic respiration?

A

Oxidative phosphorylation.

114
Q

What enzyme is used in Ethanol fermentation?

A

Pyruvate decarboxylase and Ethanol dehydrogenase.

115
Q

How many of each molecule are produced during aerobic respiration:

  • CO2:
  • ATP:
  • reduced NAD:
  • reduced FAD:
A

CO2: 6
ATP: 4
reduced NAD: 10
reduced FAD: 2

116
Q

What is the destination of the CO2 produced during aerobic respiration?

A

Waste.

117
Q

How many of each molecule are produced during the krebs cycle:

  • CO2:
  • ATP:
  • reduced NAD:
  • reduced FAD:
A

CO2: 4
ATP: 2
reduced NAD: 6
reduced FAD: 2

118
Q

How much energy is released from the reaction:

AMP -> AP + Pi

A

-14.2 Kj/mol

119
Q

Where does lactate fermentation occur in a cell?

A

In the cytoplasm.

120
Q

Which part of the mitochondria is essentially the cytosol?

A

Matrix.

121
Q

What are the features of a mitochondria cell?

A
  • Inner and outer membranes.
  • Intermembrane space.
  • Matrix.
  • Cristae.
  • DNA.
  • Ribosomes.
122
Q

What are the constituents of the envelope?

A

The inner and outer membranes.

123
Q

How much energy is released from the reaction:

ADP -> AMP + Pi

A

-30.6 Kj/mol

124
Q

How much energy is released from the reaction:

ATP -> ADP + Pi

A

-30.6 Kj/mol

Bio U6 (1) (3 decks)

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