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BDS1 > Respiration > Flashcards

Respiration Flashcards

Covering: - Respiratory Mechanics

1
Q

What is respiration mechanics? (2)

A

1) Study of mechanical properties of lung and chest wall

2) Process by which air enters and leaves the lungs

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2
Q

What are the basics of breathing? (2)

A

1) Lungs

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3
Q

What other systems interact with the respiratory system? (2)

A

1) Cardiovascular (pulmonary and peripheral)

2) Muscle system

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4
Q

Why is respiratory mechanics important? (3)

A

1) To understand how lungs work normally and in a diseased state
2) Almost all lung disease affect mechanical properties of lung
3) Death from lung disease usually due to inability to overcome changes in lung and/or chest mechanics

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5
Q

Breathing maintains…

A

blood gas homeostasis (02, CO2, pH)

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6
Q

At rest, what is the partial pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide

A 
P02 =  100+/-2 mmHg
PC02 = 40+/-2 mmHG
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7
Q

At rest the exchange values of oxygen and carbon dioxide are

A

~ 250ml 02/min

~ 200ml 02/min

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8
Q

When walking 3mph the exchange values of oxygen and carbon dioxide are

A

~ 800ml 02/min

~ 750ml C02/min

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9
Q

During severe exercise the exchange values of oxygen and carbon dioxide are

A

~ 5000ml 02/min

~ 6000ml C02/min

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10
Q

What is the role of the nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses?

A

Filter, warm, humidify air, detect smells.

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11
Q

What is the role of the pharynx?

A

Conducts air to the larynx

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12
Q

What is the role of the larynx?

A

Protects opening to trachea and contains vocal cords

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13
Q

What is the role of the trachea?

A

Filters air, traps particles in mucus; cartilages keep airways open

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14
Q

What is the role of the bronchi?

A

Filters air, traps particles in mucus; cartilages keep airways open

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15
Q

What is the role of the lungs?

A

Responsible for air movement through volume changes during movement of ribs and diaphragm; including airways and alveoli

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16
Q

What is the role of the alveoli?

A

Act as a site of gas exchange between air and blood

17
Q

What are the major functions of the upper airways? (3)

A

1) humidify (saturate with water)
2) Warm (to body temperature)
3) Filter

18
Q

What type of epithelial cells line the upper airways to the bronchioles?

A

pseudo-stratified ciliated, columnar epithelium

19
Q

What is the function of pseudo-stratified ciliated, columnar epithelium

A

To filter air/ trap dirt using mucus from goblet cells

20
Q

What is the rate of ventilation at rest?

A

6L/min, ~12 breaths of 500ml

21
Q

What is the max. ventilation?

A

160L/min, ~40 breaths of 4L

22
Q

What is the rate of cardiac output at rest?

A

5L/min, 70bpm, 70ml/beat

23
Q

What is max. cardiac output

A

25L/min, 200bpm, 125ml/beat

24
Q

What are the steps in Quiet breathing?

A

Inspiration: Active

  • diaphragm contracts (1cm)
  • external intercostal muscles pull ribs outwards and upwards
  • intra-pulmonary volume increases –> pressure decreases (-1)
  • therefore pressure inside, lower then outside
  • air moves down pressure gradient = breathe in

Expiration: Passive (elastic recoil)

  • diaphragm relaxes
  • intra-pulmonary volume decreases –> pressure increases
  • therefore pressure inside is higher (+1) then outside
  • air moves down pressure gradient = breath out
25
Q

What are the steps in strenuous breathing?

A

Inspiration: Active

  • diaphragm has greater contraction (10cm)
  • external intercostal muscles have greater contraction
  • accessory muscles are active:
    • sternocleidomastoid
    • alae nasi
    • genioglossus
Expiration: Active
abdominal muscles:
- rectus abdominus
- internal oblique
- external oblique
- transverse abdominus
Internal intercostal muscles oppose external intercostals by pushing ribs down and inwards.
26
Q

What are the muscles of inspiration?

A
  • Diaphragm
  • External intercostals
  • Parasternal intercartilaginous muscles
  • Scalenus (posterior, middle, anterior)
  • Sternocleidomastoid
27
Q

What are the muscles of expiration?

A
  • Rectus abdominis
  • External oblique
  • Internal oblique
  • Transverse abdominis
  • Abdominal muscles
28
Q

What type of muscle is the diaphragm?

A

skeletal muscle

29
Q

What is intrapleural pressure (mmHg)?

A

Pressure change between lung and chest wall. Pressure always negative

30
Q

What is tidal volume (ml)?

A

Volume of air going into lung during each breathe

BDS1 (9 decks)

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