Respiration Flashcards
What is respiration
the process of braking down glucose to produce energy that can be used in a cell (ATP)
What is the equation for respiration
Glucose + Oxygen –> Carbon dioxide and water
C6H12O6 + 6O2 –> 6CO2 + 6H20 + 38ATP
What are the stages of respiration
Glycolysis
Link Reaction
Krebs Cycle (Citric acid cycle)
Electron transport chain (Oxidative phosphorylation)
Which stage of respiration is present in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration
Glycolysis
Where does aerobic respiration take place
Mitochondria
Where does glycolysis take place
Cytoplasm
Describe the process of glycolysis
- Glucose is phosphorylated to make glucose phosphate- 6 carbon (1 ATP USED)
- Glucose phosphate is phosphorylated to fructose bisphosphate -6 carbon- (1 ATP USED)
- Fructose Bisphosphate is split into 2 molecules of triose phoshate
- each triose phosphate molecule is oxidised to pyruvate (1 NAD -> NADH and 2ADP -> 2ATP per molecule of pyruvate)
What is the net gain of Glycolysis
2 ATP
2 NADH
What is NAD
Coenzyme that gets reduced to NADH
NADH is a reducing agent
What happens to Pyruvate in anaerobic conditions
NADH reduces pyruvate to lactate releasing 1 ATP
or ethanol in yeast
What is the link reaction
pyruvate enters mitochondrial matrix
2 Pyruvate are decarboxylated (CO2 is removed and NAD -> NADH) to acetate which joins with co enzyme A to form ACETYL CoA
Describe the process of the Krebs cycle
- Acetyl Co A reacts with 4 carbon molecule (oxaloacetate) to form 6 carbon molecule and releases CoA
- 6 carbon molecule decarboxylated -> 5 carbon compound (reduced NAD formed) (CO2 released
- 5 carbon compound-> 4 carbon compound (reduced NAD FORMED, ATP FORMED) (CO2 released
- 4 carbon compound-> 4 Carbon compound (reduced FAD released)
- 4 carbon compound-> 4 carbon compound (oxaloacetate) (reduced NAD)
What is the product of the Krebs cycle for 1 molecule of Glucose
6 NADH
2 FADH2
2 ATP
4 CO2
Where does the electron transport chain take place inn respiration
inner membrane of the mitochondrion
What process happens in the electron transport chain
Oxidative phosphorylation
How many reducing agents enter the ETC from 1 molecule of glucose
- 10 NADH (2 from glycolysis, 2 from link reaction, 6 from Kreb cycle)
- 2FADH (from Kreb cycle)
How many molecules of ATP are produced (indirectly) by NADH
3 molecules ATP
How many molecules of ATP are produced (indirectly) by FADH
2 molecules ATP
How does the electron transport chain work
- NADH loses its electron to the first complex in the electron transport chain. H+ is released from NADH-> NAD+
- the electron now in the first electron accepting complex is at a lower energy level. the energy lost is used to actively pump H+ ions into the intermembrane space
- FADH2 also loses its electron and H+ further down the chain.
- The H+ diffuses down its concentration gradient back across the inner mitochondrial membrane through ATP synthase which uses the chemosmotic gradient to produce ATP
What other organic substances can be used in respiration
Lipids
proteins
both are added into the kreb cycle.
How are lipids used in respiration
fatty acid and glycerol are hydrolysed
fatty acid broken into acetyl and join with co A to enter Kreb cycle
What is net primary productivity
it represents the dry mass and gross production minus the respiratory losses
