Respiration Flashcards
What is F.A.D.?
Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide. Carrier of hydrogens and electrons during aerobic respiration. Produced from vitamin B
What is respiration?
The release of energy from food in the presence or absence of oxygen by all living cells
What protects the respiratory system?
Ribcage ( thoracic cavity) made of 12 pairs of ribs, diaphragm and intercostal muscles
What is diffusion?
This is the movement of molecules of a liquid or gas from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until both concentrations are the same
What vessel goes from heart to lungs?
Pulmonary artery
What blood vessel enters heart from lungs?
Pulmonary vein
What do arteries break down into?
Arterioles
What do veins break down into?
Venules
In what form does co2 diffuse?
Hydrogen carbonate gas
Why is the alveolus suited for diffusion?
1-inner lining covered with layer of moisture
2- huge amount -> large surface area
3-lining of alveolus and capillary are one cell thick so gases don’t have far to travel
4-the alveoli are well supplied by capillaries so gases can be carried quickly to and from alveoli
Is inhalation an active or passive process
Active
Is exhalation an active or passive process
Passive
Describe what happens in inhalation
Medulla oblongata controls the breathing by responding to levels of CO2 in the blood. Diaphragm contracts and moves down. Intercostal muscles contract pulling ribcage up and out. Size of thoracic cavity increases, more space available to lungs. Air pressure in lungs is less than atmospheric pressure. Air moves from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure. Air is drawn into the lungs and they inflate
What is asthma?
Narrowing of the bronchioles which prevents air reaching the alveoli. Causes breathlessness and wheezing
Give cause of asthma
Pollen, dust, infections, air pollution
What is a prevention of asthma?
Avoid contact with cause if known. Replace carpets with lino or wooden floors to reduce dust
What is a treatment of asthma?
Use of bronchodilator which causes the bronchioles to widen and therefore reduce whhezing
Give word and chemical eqt for anaerobic respiration in plants
Glucose -> energy + ethanol + carbon dioxide
2c2h5oh. + 2co2
Give word and chemical eqt for anaerobic respiration in animals.
Glucose -> Energy + Lactic acid
2CH3CHOHCOOH
What happens in glycolysis?
Glucose (6C) splits into two 3C molecules called pyruvic acid.
Pyruvic acid is the end product of glycolysis
Anaerobic process=> no oxygen
Occurs in the cytosol
Small amount of ATP produced (2ATP)
Glucose = pyruvic acid + hydrogens (NADH) + energy
Explain what happens in Krebs cycle
Pyruvic acid now enters the lumen of the mitochondria
Carbon is removed from it by producing C02
The remaining 2C molecule joins with coenzyme A to form acetyl. coenzyme A
This joins with a 4C mol from Krebs cycle to form citric acid
Another C is removed to form a 5C mol + CO2
Another C is removed to form a 4C mol + CO2
During this cycle ATP (phosphorylation)
CO2 Are produced
Hydrogen is collected by NAD and FAD
Explain the electron transport chain
A number of carrier molecules are located in cristae of the mitochondria.
They received the hydrogens from NADH2 and FADH2 in a series of redox reactions. H+ ions are expelled into inter-membrane space. Electrons move along the cristae
At specific sites the H+ irons, the electrons and oxygen join to produce H2O
ATP molecules are generated from the energy released
This process is very efficient
How much ATP is produced in aerobic respiration
38 ATP
Describe anaerobic respiration in yeast
Glucose is converted to pyruvic acid. 2ATPs produced
Pyruvic acid -> ethanol + CO2 ( anaerobic)
Not very efficient ( only 2ATP )
