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bio 240 chapter 1 > respiration > Flashcards

respiration Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The amount of air inhaled per minute is called the _______ _______ or minute respiratory volume (MRV)

A

minute ventilation

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2
Q

its significance is that MV largely determines the _________ _______ rate

A

alveolar ventilation

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3
Q

MV is obtained by multiplying _____ by breathing rate.

A

TV

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4
Q

Alveolar ventilation rate (AVR) is the volume of new air called __________ _______ ______ (PDS) that does not reach the alveoli.

A

Physiologic dead space

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5
Q

AVR is obtained by subtracting ______ from _____ and multiply by the breathing rate.

A

PDS

TV

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6
Q

Nonrespiratory Air movements, are movements that take place in the respiratory passage in addition to ______

A

breathing

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7
Q

Nonrespiratory air movements are used to clear air passages as in coughing, sneezing, __________ _______ as in laughing , crying, yawning and hiccuping

A

expressing emotion

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8
Q

The function of both ________ and ______ is to dislodge irritating material from respiratory passages

A

coughing

sneezing

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9
Q

Coughing is induced by irritants in the lower respiratory tract. Glottis is

A

closed

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10
Q

Sneezing is triggered by irritants in the nasal cavity. Glottis is

A

opened

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11
Q

the ______ and breathing are two most conspicuously rhythmic processes in the human body

A

heartbeat

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12
Q

Occurrence of basic rhythm of breathing is controlled by respiratory center comprising of groups of _______ in the brain stem

A

Neurons

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13
Q

these Nuerons stimulate muscles of the respiration causing

A

inspiration and expiration

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14
Q

these respirator centers are widely located throughout the _____ and _______ ________

A

pons

medulla oblongata

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15
Q

Medulla is the area of rhythmicity while pons are the area of

A

pneumotaxic

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16
Q

The medullary respiratory center consist of two groups of _____ that extend throughout the length of the medulla oblongata

A

neurons

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17
Q

the two groups of neurons are called

A

The dorsal respiratory group

ventral respiratory group

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18
Q

The dorsal respiratory group is composed of neurons that are involved in _________ musucles of inspiration. They are most active during inspiration and are responsible for stimulating the contraction of the ________

A

stimulating

diaphragm

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19
Q

The ventral respiratory group is composed of neurons that are quiesent during

A

eupnea ( normal breathing)

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20
Q

the neurons primarily stimulate the external intercoastal, ________ ________ and _______ _______

A

internal intercoastal

abdominal muscle

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21
Q

the pons regulates breathing by means of ________ ______, is a collection of neurons in the pons.

A

pneumotaxic center

22
Q

Some of the neurons are active during _______, some during __________ and some during both.

A

inspiration

expiration

23
Q

pneumotaxic neurons control the rate of

A

breathing

24
Q

Air is a mixture of gases, each of which contributes a share called its _______ _______ , to the total atmospheric pressure.

A

Partial pressure

25
Q

Partial pressure is abbreviated __

The partial pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide is symbolized as ____ and ____ respectively

A

P

PO2 and CO2

26
Q

The factors that affect breathing rate and depth include PO2, PCO2 and ____ body fluids, the degree to which the lung tissue are stretched and emotional state .

A

ph

27
Q

Chemoreceptors in the brainstem and arteries monitor _____ __, ____ , _____ levels.

A

blood ph
Co2
O2

28
Q

these receptors transmit signals to the respiratory centers that adjust pulmonary breathing to keep blood ph, Co2, and O2 within _______ limits.

A

homeostatic

29
Q

What are the two types of chemoreceptors called ?

A

Central chemoreceptors or chemosensitive area

peripheral chempreceptors

30
Q

Central chemoreceptors are found within the brainstem (respiratory center) located in the ventral portion of the medulla oblongata near the origins of the _____ nerves. They are influenced by H+ rather then ____

A

Vagus

CO2

31
Q

These type of chemoreceptors are very sensitive to changes in PCO2 and blood PH. If PCO2 or the H+ concentration rises, these receptors signal the respiratory center and breathing _________

A

increases

32
Q

Peripheral chemoreceptors are found in the

A

Carotid and Aortic bodies

33
Q

Peripheral chemoreceptors are located in the walls of the

A

Carotid sinuses and Aortic arch

34
Q

changes in the blood PO2 are primarily sensed by these chemoreceptors but blood PCO2 and pH have less affect on peripheral chemoreceptors. when PO2 reaches very low level, the peripheral receptors are stimulated, thereby transmitting impulses to the respiratory center, these lead to increase in breathing rate and TV, thus increasing ________ breathing .

A

alveolar

35
Q

peripheral chemoreceptors - other factors affect breathing include

A

an inlation reflex which helps regulate the depth of breathing.

it also helps to prevent overinflation of the lungs during forceful breathing

36
Q

emotional upset, __________ triggers by anxiety causes CO2 to be expelled from the body faster than it is produced .

A

hyperventilation

37
Q

__________ can be brought under control by having a person to rebreath under the expired CO2 from a paper bag

A

hyperventilation

38
Q

alveolar gas exchange is the process of ___ loading and ___ unloading in the lungs. They are the site of gas exchange between the ______ and the ______.

A

O2
CO2
air
blood

39
Q

structures that are involved in alveolar gas exchange

A

alveolar
respiratory membrane
diffusion through the respiratory membrane

40
Q

alveoli are microscopic air sacs of the

A

lung

41
Q

alveoli contain tiny openings around their wall called ______ ______ through which air pass from one a;veolus to another

A

alveolar pores

42
Q

phygocitytic cells called ________ ________ are in alveoli and in the pores connecting the air sacs.

A

alveolar macrophages

43
Q

alveolar macrophages main function is to engulf ______ agents , including _______ thereby cleaning the alveoli

A

airborn

bacteria

44
Q

respiratory membrane of the lungs is where gas exchange between the ____ and _______ takes place

A

air

blood

45
Q

respiratory membrane is mainly formed by the alveolar walls and surrounding __________ ____________

A

pulmonary capillaries

46
Q

the _________ memebrane is very thin to facilitate the diffusion of gases

A

respiratory

47
Q

the respiratory membrane consist or made of epithelial cells such as : a)_______ _____ (typeII) that secrete surfactant (lipoproteins) and b) type I cells.

A

Alveolar cells

48
Q

diffusion through the respiratory membrane, respiratory membrane is normally quite thin, 1um thick and gas exchange is ______

A

rapid.

49
Q

factors that influence the rate of gas diffusion across the respiratory membrane include :

A

a) thickness of the membrane
b) the diffusion coefficient of the gas in the substance of the membrane
c) the surface area of the membrane
d) the difference of the partial pressures of the gas between the two sides of the membrane

50
Q

diffusion coefficient is a measure of how easily a gas diffuses through a _______ or _______, taken into account that the solubility of the gas in liquid and size of gas in molecule (MW)

A

LIQUID

TISSUE

bio 240 chapter 1 (1 decks)

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