respiration Flashcards
The amount of air inhaled per minute is called the _______ _______ or minute respiratory volume (MRV)
minute ventilation
its significance is that MV largely determines the _________ _______ rate
alveolar ventilation
MV is obtained by multiplying _____ by breathing rate.
TV
Alveolar ventilation rate (AVR) is the volume of new air called __________ _______ ______ (PDS) that does not reach the alveoli.
Physiologic dead space
AVR is obtained by subtracting ______ from _____ and multiply by the breathing rate.
PDS
TV
Nonrespiratory Air movements, are movements that take place in the respiratory passage in addition to ______
breathing
Nonrespiratory air movements are used to clear air passages as in coughing, sneezing, __________ _______ as in laughing , crying, yawning and hiccuping
expressing emotion
The function of both ________ and ______ is to dislodge irritating material from respiratory passages
coughing
sneezing
Coughing is induced by irritants in the lower respiratory tract. Glottis is
closed
Sneezing is triggered by irritants in the nasal cavity. Glottis is
opened
the ______ and breathing are two most conspicuously rhythmic processes in the human body
heartbeat
Occurrence of basic rhythm of breathing is controlled by respiratory center comprising of groups of _______ in the brain stem
Neurons
these Nuerons stimulate muscles of the respiration causing
inspiration and expiration
these respirator centers are widely located throughout the _____ and _______ ________
pons
medulla oblongata
Medulla is the area of rhythmicity while pons are the area of
pneumotaxic
The medullary respiratory center consist of two groups of _____ that extend throughout the length of the medulla oblongata
neurons
the two groups of neurons are called
The dorsal respiratory group
ventral respiratory group
The dorsal respiratory group is composed of neurons that are involved in _________ musucles of inspiration. They are most active during inspiration and are responsible for stimulating the contraction of the ________
stimulating
diaphragm
The ventral respiratory group is composed of neurons that are quiesent during
eupnea ( normal breathing)
the neurons primarily stimulate the external intercoastal, ________ ________ and _______ _______
internal intercoastal
abdominal muscle
the pons regulates breathing by means of ________ ______, is a collection of neurons in the pons.
pneumotaxic center
Some of the neurons are active during _______, some during __________ and some during both.
inspiration
expiration
pneumotaxic neurons control the rate of
breathing
Air is a mixture of gases, each of which contributes a share called its _______ _______ , to the total atmospheric pressure.
Partial pressure
Partial pressure is abbreviated __
The partial pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide is symbolized as ____ and ____ respectively
P
PO2 and CO2
The factors that affect breathing rate and depth include PO2, PCO2 and ____ body fluids, the degree to which the lung tissue are stretched and emotional state .
ph
Chemoreceptors in the brainstem and arteries monitor _____ __, ____ , _____ levels.
blood ph
Co2
O2
these receptors transmit signals to the respiratory centers that adjust pulmonary breathing to keep blood ph, Co2, and O2 within _______ limits.
homeostatic
What are the two types of chemoreceptors called ?
Central chemoreceptors or chemosensitive area
peripheral chempreceptors
Central chemoreceptors are found within the brainstem (respiratory center) located in the ventral portion of the medulla oblongata near the origins of the _____ nerves. They are influenced by H+ rather then ____
Vagus
CO2
These type of chemoreceptors are very sensitive to changes in PCO2 and blood PH. If PCO2 or the H+ concentration rises, these receptors signal the respiratory center and breathing _________
increases
Peripheral chemoreceptors are found in the
Carotid and Aortic bodies
Peripheral chemoreceptors are located in the walls of the
Carotid sinuses and Aortic arch
changes in the blood PO2 are primarily sensed by these chemoreceptors but blood PCO2 and pH have less affect on peripheral chemoreceptors. when PO2 reaches very low level, the peripheral receptors are stimulated, thereby transmitting impulses to the respiratory center, these lead to increase in breathing rate and TV, thus increasing ________ breathing .
alveolar
peripheral chemoreceptors - other factors affect breathing include
an inlation reflex which helps regulate the depth of breathing.
it also helps to prevent overinflation of the lungs during forceful breathing
emotional upset, __________ triggers by anxiety causes CO2 to be expelled from the body faster than it is produced .
hyperventilation
__________ can be brought under control by having a person to rebreath under the expired CO2 from a paper bag
hyperventilation
alveolar gas exchange is the process of ___ loading and ___ unloading in the lungs. They are the site of gas exchange between the ______ and the ______.
O2
CO2
air
blood
structures that are involved in alveolar gas exchange
alveolar
respiratory membrane
diffusion through the respiratory membrane
alveoli are microscopic air sacs of the
lung
alveoli contain tiny openings around their wall called ______ ______ through which air pass from one a;veolus to another
alveolar pores
phygocitytic cells called ________ ________ are in alveoli and in the pores connecting the air sacs.
alveolar macrophages
alveolar macrophages main function is to engulf ______ agents , including _______ thereby cleaning the alveoli
airborn
bacteria
respiratory membrane of the lungs is where gas exchange between the ____ and _______ takes place
air
blood
respiratory membrane is mainly formed by the alveolar walls and surrounding __________ ____________
pulmonary capillaries
the _________ memebrane is very thin to facilitate the diffusion of gases
respiratory
the respiratory membrane consist or made of epithelial cells such as : a)_______ _____ (typeII) that secrete surfactant (lipoproteins) and b) type I cells.
Alveolar cells
diffusion through the respiratory membrane, respiratory membrane is normally quite thin, 1um thick and gas exchange is ______
rapid.
factors that influence the rate of gas diffusion across the respiratory membrane include :
a) thickness of the membrane
b) the diffusion coefficient of the gas in the substance of the membrane
c) the surface area of the membrane
d) the difference of the partial pressures of the gas between the two sides of the membrane
diffusion coefficient is a measure of how easily a gas diffuses through a _______ or _______, taken into account that the solubility of the gas in liquid and size of gas in molecule (MW)
LIQUID
TISSUE
