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Biology Unit 3 > Respiration > Flashcards

Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

Why do organisms need to respire

A

To make energy available;is lie in their cells

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2
Q

Waht type of metabolic process is respiration

A

Catabolic process

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3
Q

Waht is meant by catabolic process

A

Large complex molecules are broken down into smaller simpler molecules

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4
Q

Waht are the different types of respiration

A

Aerobic - in the presence of oxygen
Anaerobic - in the absence of oxygen

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5
Q

How is respiration a catabolic process

A

Because it breaks down high energy bonds in energy rich substances

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6
Q

Waht is the 4 stages of aerobic respiration

A

glycolysis
link reaction
Krebs cycle
electron transport chain.

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7
Q

Where does glycolysis take place

A

It takes place in the cytoplasm

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8
Q

Does glycolysis require oxygen or no oxygen

A

No oxygen

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9
Q

Waht is glycolysis and where does it occur

A

The first stage of respiration
Occur is the cytoplasm
In the absence of oxygen

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10
Q

Why does glycolysis occur in the cytoplasm

A

Glucose is too big to fit through the mitochondrial membrane
And even if it could the mitochondria doesn’t have any enzymes for the breakdown of glucose

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11
Q

How many carbons does glucose have

A

6c

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12
Q

How many carbon atoms in pyruvate

A

3C

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13
Q

Waht is the fist stage of glycolysis

A

Glucose if phosphorylated by the breakdown of 2 molecules of ATP giving a hexose phosphate and 2 molecules of ADP

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14
Q

Waht is the second stage of glycolysis

A

Hexose phosphate is split into two molecules of triose phosphate using water
Triose phosphate has 3 carbon atoms

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15
Q
A
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16
Q

Waht are ht so main stages of glycolysis

A

Phosphorylation + hydrolysis
Oxidation

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17
Q

Waht is the third stage of glycolysis

A

The triose phosphate loose 4 hydrogen (so two each ) this is called oxidation forming two molecules of pyruvate
The coenzyme NAD collects the 4 hydrogens to form two reduced NAD (NADH +H+)

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18
Q

What is a coenzyme

A

Helper molecule that caries ions so NAD make NADH and carries the H to other molecules

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19
Q

Waht is the last stage of glycolysis

A

The ovation of the trios-phosphates produces enough energy to make 4 ATP but 2 were used up at the beginning so we have a net gain of only 2 ATP

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20
Q

Where do the two molecules of reduced NAD go after glycolysis

A

They go the the electron transport chain

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21
Q

What does the pyruvate produced by glycolysis got after it’s been produced

A

Mitochondrial matrix for the link reaction

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22
Q

What is the link reaction and where does it happen

A

It happens in the mitochondrial matrix and this links glycolysis to the kerbs cycle

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23
Q

Where does the link reaction happens

A

In the mitochondrial matrix

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24
Q

Waht is the end product of the link reaction

A

Acetyle CoA

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25
Waht si a required net of the link reaction
Oxygen
26
Does the link reaction occur in aerobic or anaerobic conditions
Aerobic _ in the presence of oxygen
27
How many carbons does pyruvate have
3C
28
29
Waht sighed fist stage of the link reaction
The pyruvate is decarboxylated in the form of CO2 leaving a 2C compound
30
Waht is the second stage of the link reaction
Oxidation - 1 hydrogen is removed form the compound and this is picked up by the coenzyme NAD forming reduced 1 NAD
31
Waht is the third step of the link reaction
The 2carbon compound combines,with Co enzyme A (CoA) to make Acetyl coA
32
Waht is another important thing about the link reaction
Not ATP is produced in this reaction
33
How many acetyl coA is produce for 2 pyruvate molecules
2 acetyl coA for every two pyruvate molecules
34
How many time does the link reaction happens for every glucose molecules
2 times
35
Waht is the kerbs cycle and where does it happen
The kerbs cycle is the third stage of glycolysis and it occurs in the mitochondrial matrix
36
How many times does the kerbs cycle happen for each glucose molecules
2 times
37
Waht is the first step of the kerbs cycle
Acetyl coA (2C) compbines with oxaloacwtate to form a 6C compound CoA is erased back in to the link reaction to be used
38
What is the send stage of the kerbs cycle
6C compound is decarboxylated - loses CO2 to make a 5C compound
39
In the kerbs cycle what happens every time a CO2 molecule is lost
The molecule is oxidised Thi occurs after any decarboxylation
40
Waht is the third step of the kerbs cycle
The 5C compound is oxidises by the enzyme dehydrogenase to produce hydrogen and this reduced the coenzyme NAD into NADH
41
Waht happens after the 5C compound had been reduced in the carbon cycle
It is decarboxylated one a again make a 4C compound and then this is also dehydrogenated (oxidised ) as well loosing one H+ ions which reduced coenzyme NAD to NADH This produces enough energy to make 1 molecule of ATP as substrate level phosphorylation
42
Waht happens after the second decarboxylation and the second oxidation in the Krebs cycle
The 4C compound is dehydrogenated further to reduce coenzymes FAD and NAD FAD - is reduced once after this event And then 1 NAD is also reduced after the FAD
43
Where does the molecule of Reduced FAD and the 3 molecules of reduced NAD go after krebs
They carry the Hydrogens to the electron transport chain
44
45
Where in the mitochondria is the electron transport chain
In the cristae of the inner mitochondrial memebrane
46
Waht is the mitochondrial memebrane made up of
A series of carriers and pumps
47
How many proton pumps does NAD use
3 proton pumps
48
How many proton pumps does FAD use
W proton pumps
49
How many ATP does one molecule of NAD make
It makes 3 ATP molecules because it uses 3 proton pumps
50
How many ATP molecules does Reduced FAD make
It makes 2 ATP molecules becaue it has 2 proton pumps
51
Waht is the final electron acceptor
Oxygen because water is a waste product
52
Waht is the electron transport chain
It is a series of protein carrier and proton pumps is the cristae of the the inner mitochondrial membrane
53
What is the process of the electron transport chain
So after glycolysis link and the kerbs cycle reduced NAD and reduced FAD collection in the matrix of the mitochondria The cristae of the inner moitochndrial membrane have a series of carrier proteins called the electron transport chain Reduced NAD dontes the elctron of the hydrogen to the first protein carrier This provides energy for the hydrogen ions form the reduced nad to be pumped across the protein carrier and into the intermembrane space The electrons pass through a series of redox reaction along the other carrier proteins providing them all thi energy to pump across the protons . This creates an electrochemical gradient as there is a high concentration of hydrogens in the inter membrane space than in the matrix Protein complexed in the inner membrane of the mitochondria are associated with ATP synthase The hydrogen ions diffuse the trough the protein complexes back into the matrix This provide the energy for the atp synthase t produced ATP using the ADP synthesised during glycolysis At the end the 2 proton molecuels adn 2 electrons c combine with half a molecule of oxygen to form water This is why we refer to the oxygen as the final elecrton /proton acceptor.
54
How many proton pumps does NAD require
It’s requires 3 proton pumps because it makes three molecules of ATP
55
How many proton pumps does FAD require
It require 2 proton pumps because it makes 2 ATP
56
Which proton pump does reduced FAD and reduced NAD use
Reduced NAD uses the first proton pumps and it uses three Reduced FAD start of the second Proton pump and only uses Two
57
Waht is anaerobic respiration
Respiration in the absence of oxygen
58
Which stager do respiration take place in anaerobic respiration
Glycolysis
59
The reduced NAD transfers the hydrogen ions to the the pyruvate
60

Biology Unit 3 (3 decks)

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