Respiration Flashcards
what are the differences between Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration (3)
- Aerobic Resp fully breaks down glucose whereas Anaerobic Resp doesn’t
- Aerobic Resp uses Oxygen whereas Anaerobic Resp doesn’t
- Aerobic Resp produces more molecules of ATP than Anaerobic Resp
what are the 4 stages of Aerobic Respiration
- Glycolysis
- Link Reaction
- Krebs Cycle
- Oxidative Phosphorylation
where does glycolysis occur
- the cytoplasm
describe the process of glycolysis
- glucose is phosphorylated by 2 molecules of ATP to form 2 molecules of Triose Phosphate (3C)
- 2 molecules of Triose Phosphate are then oxidised to form 2 molecules of pyruvate (3C)
- this produces a net gain of 2 ATP via substrate level phosphorylation and the production of reduced NAD
what are the products of glycolysis
- 2 molecules of pyruvate
- 2 molecules of NADH
- net gain of 2 ATP
how does the pyruvate produced during glycolysis get to the mitochondria
- via Active Transport
where does the link reaction occur
- the matrix of the mitochondria
describe the process of the Link reaction
- pyruvate is oxidised and CO₂ is removed to form acetate (2C)
- the electrons and hydrogen from the oxidation of pyruvate are accepted by NAD to form NADH
- Co-enzyme A is added to Acetate to form Acetyl Coenzyme A
what are the products of the Link Reaction
- 2 molecules of CO₂
- 2 molecules of NADH
- 2 molecules of Acetyl Coenzyme A
where does the krebs cycle occur
- the matrix of the mitochondria
describe the krebs cycle
- Acetyl Coenzyme A combines with a 4C molecule to form a 6C molecule
- this 6C molecule enters the krebs cycle and is oxidised to a 5C molecule and a CO₂ molecule is also removed
- the 5C compound is then oxidised and a CO₂ molecule is removed again to reform the 4C compound and the whole cycle repeats once more
- the hydrogen from the oxidation of the carbon compounds is used to reduce 3 molecules of NAD to NADH, and 1 molecule of FAD to FADH per cycle
- 1 molecule of ATP is produced via substrate level phosphorylation
what are the products of the Krebs cycle per glucose respired
- 4 CO₂
- 6 reduced NAD
- 2 reduced FAD
- 2 ATP
where does oxidative phosphorylation occur
- the cristae
describe the process of oxidative phosphorylation
- NADH and FADH are oxidised to release hydrogen atoms
- hydrogen atoms are split into protons and electrons, and electrons move down the electron transport chain releasing energy, some of which is released as heat
- this energy is used to pump the protons into the inter membrane space establishing an electrochemical gradient
- protons diffuse back into the matrix via ATP synthase providing the energy needed to phosphorylate ADP into ATP
- Oxygen then acts as the final electron acceptor as it accepts electrons and protons to form water.
describe Anaerobic respiration in animals
- Pyruvate and NADH reacts to form lactate and oxidised NAD
describe Anaerobic respiration in fungi (e.g. yeast) + some plant tissues
- Pyruvate and NADH reacts to form ethanol, carbon dioxide and oxidised NAD
describe a method of working out the rate of respiration
