Respiration Flashcards
Glycolysis: Where
Cytoplasm of cell.
Glycolysis: Process
1) Glucose to phosphorylated glucose, 2 ATP hydrolysed to 2 ADP, two phosphates join to glucose
2) Phosphorylated glucose to 2 triose phosphates
3) 2 TP oxidised to two pyruvates reducing 2 NAD to NADH and 4 ATP formed from ADP and Pi
Glycolysis: Products
For each glucose:
2 pyruvates (each 3C)
Net gain of 2 ATP
2 NADH
Link Reaction: Where
Matrix of mitochondria
Pyruvate from glycolysis actively transported into mitochondrial matrix
Link Reaction: Process
1) Pyruvate oxidised to acetate (2C) reducing an NAD to NADH. A CO2 is lost.
2) Acetate combines with coenzyme A to form acetyl coenzyme A (2C)
Link Reaction: Products
For each glucose:
2 CO2
2 NADH
2 Acetyl coenzyme A
Krebs Cycle: Where
Mitochondrial Matrix
Krebs Cycle: Process
1) Acetyl coenzyme A (2C) combines with 4C molecule to form 6C molecule.
2) 6C molecule loses 2 CO2 molecules and is oxidised to regenerating the 4C molecule and NAD and FAD reduced to NADH and FADH.
ATP formed
Krebs Cycle Products
Each glucose:
4 CO2
2 ATP
2 NADH
2 FADH
Electron Transfer Chain: Where
Inner mitochondrial membrane
ETC: Process
1) NADH and FADH2 are oxidised at electron transfer carrier molecules
2)Electrons flow through the carrier molecules through a series of oxidation reduction reactions
3)Energy released by electrons actively transports H+ ions form reduced NAD and FAD into across inner membrane into inter-membranal space
4)H+ ions diffuse through ATP synthase producing ATP from ADP and Pi
5) Oxygen acts as terminal electron and proton acceptor, removing H+ ions maintaining conc. gradient, forming H2O
ETC: Products
Lots of ATP
H2O
NAD and FAD formed by oxidising reduced NAD and FAD go back into glycolysis and Krebs
Lipids
Hydrolysed to glycerol and fatty acids.
Glycerol phosphorylated to triose phosphate
Fatty acid converted into acetate
Lipids release more than twice the energy for the same mass of carbs
Proteins
Hydrolysed into amino acids
Deamination to remove amine groups
3C molecules converted to pyruvate
4/5C molecules converted to intermediates for Krebs cycle
Anaerobic
Glycolysis to produce pyruvate
Plants: Pyruvate converted into ethanol and CO2 and NADH oxidised back to NAD
Animals: Pyruvate converted into lactate and NADH oxidised back to NAD. Lactate toxic so is oxidised into pyruvate in liver and converted into glycogen or used in respiration
Oxidative phosphorylation vs Substrate-level phosphorylation
ATP produced in glycolysis and Krebs is substrate level
Electron Transfer Chain produces ATP via oxidative phosphorylation
