Respiration Flashcards

Aerobic & Anaerobic respiration

1
Q

Why do we need energy?

A
  • active transport
  • endocytosis
  • exocytosis
  • DNA replication
  • movement (of cell/ within)
  • cell division
  • synthesis of large molecules
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2
Q

ATP

A

Adenosine triphosphate

nucleotide w/ 2 extra phosphates and an adenine nitrogenous base

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3
Q

Mitochondria

A
  • matrix
  • cristae
  • inner membrane
  • outer membrane
  • intermembrane space
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4
Q

Aerobic Respiration

A

The splitting of a respiratory substrate to release CO2 (as a waste), and the reuniting of hydrogen w oxygen to release a large amount of energy.

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5
Q

Glycolysis

AEROBIC RESPIRATION

A

FIRST STAGE OF AEROBIC RESPIRATION:
Splitting of glucose to form 2x pyruvate (uses 2xATP)
IN CYTOPLASM
other products:
* 2x NADH
* (net gain) 2x ATP

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6
Q

NAD

A

Coenzyme for dehydrogenase enzymes

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7
Q

Phosphorylation

A

The addition of phosphate

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8
Q

The link reaction

A

SECOND STAGE OF RESPIRATION:
Pyruvate is decarboxylated and dehydrogenated:
IN THE MATRIX
Products:
* 2x NADH
* 2x CO2
* 2x Acetyl coenzyme A

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9
Q

Decarboxylation

A

Removal of carboxyl group from a substrate moelcule

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10
Q

Dehydrogenation

A

Removal of hydrogen atom from a substrate molecule

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11
Q

Substrate- level phosphorylation

A

Production of ATP from ADP and Pi during glycolysis and krebs cycle

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12
Q

The Krebs cycle

A

THIRD STAGE OF RESPIRATION:
Series of enzyme-catalysed reactions that oxidise acetate
Involves decarboxylation, dehhydrogenation, and substrate level phosphorylation.
IN MATRIX
Products for both cycles (one glucose):
* 6x NADH
* 4x CO2
* 2x ATP
* 2x FADH2

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13
Q

Oxidative Phosphorylation

A

LAST STAGE OF AEROBIC RESPIRATION
use of ATP synthase and energy derived from H+ gradient to make ATP
IN THE INNER MITOCHONDRIAL MEMBRANE
Products:
* Water
* (36)ATP

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14
Q

Electron transport chain (ETC)

A

Series of protein electron transporters embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane that shuttles electrons

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15
Q

Dissociation
Respiration

A

FIRST STAGE OF OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION (last stage of aerobic resp.)
1. Hydrogen atoms are donated by NADH and FADH2 from the **krebs cycle **
2. H atoms then splits into protons and electrons
3. The high energy electrons enter the ETC and relese energy as they move along the ETC

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16
Q

Chemiosmosis

DEFINITION

A

The movement of ions across a semipermeable membrane bound structure, down an electrochemical gradient

17
Q

Chemiosmosis

PROCESS

A

SECOND STAGE OF OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION (last stage of aerobic resp.)
4. Released energy is used to transport H+ across the inner mito. membrane from the matrix to the intermembrane space
5. A conc. gradient of protons is established between the intermembran space and matrix
6. the protons return to the matrix via facillitated diffusion through the channel protein, ATP synthase
7. The movement of H+ down their conc. grad./ provided energy for ATP synthesis (ATP is generated0

18
Q

Formation of water

A

THIRD STAGE OF OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION (last stage of aerobic resp.)
O2 acts as the ‘final electron acceptor’ and combines with H+ and electrons at the end of the ETC to form water.

19
Q

Energy yield

A

Theorectical yield= 36 ATP (eukaryotes), 38 ATP (bacteria)
Actual yield=
* ~30 ATP
* Some energy used to transport NADH to mitochondria
* Some ATP used for active transport of pyruvate
* ‘leaky’ membranes to protons

20
Q

Anaerobic Respiration

A

Respiration in the abscence of O2. This is an emergency measure for ATP production when oxygen levels are low as the oxygen can’t act as the final e- acceptor.

21
Q

Glycolysis

ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION - mammals

A

THE ONLY STEP OF ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
Splitting of glucose to form 2x lactate
Pyruvate is formed but a hydrogen from NADH (makes it reversible) is added which forms the lactate.
IN CYTOPLASM
Products:
* 2x lactate
* Net gain 2x ATP

22
Q

What happens to lactate after its been formed?

A
  • Can be converted to pyruvate again and then enter the krebs cycle via the link reaction.
  • Can be recycled to glucose & glycogen.
  • If the lactate is not removed from muscles,pH would lower, inhibiting enzyme action.
23
Q

Anaerobic Respiration- Glycolysis

PLANTS/ FUNGI

A

THE ONLY STEP OF ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
Splitting of glucose to form 2x ethanol
Pyruvate is formed but CO2 is removed (gas lost so non-reversible) to form ethanal. Hydrogen from NADH is added which forms the ethanol.
IN CYTOPLASM
Products:
* 2x ethanol
* Net gain 2x ATP