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respiration Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

respiration D

A

oxidation of food molecules to release energy

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2
Q

aerobic resp D

A

oxidation of food molecules in the presence of oxygen to release of a relatively large amt of energy

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3
Q

anerobic resp D

A

oxidation of food molecules wihtout oxygen to release of a relatively small amt of energy

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4
Q

where does aerobic resp occur?

A

mitochondria of cells
(enzymatic rxn)

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5
Q

anaerobic resp during exercise

A

-muscles contract vigorously –> high energy demand
-(rate of breathing and heart rate increases so) rate of respiration increases
-rate of aerobic resp cannot increase any further and energy demand continues to increase
-anerobic resp occurs to provide additional energy required

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6
Q

after exerise:

A

accumulation of lactic acid that is removed in liver
-heart rate remains high
-rate and depth of breathing remains high (lactic acid transported faster to liver)

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7
Q

nostril F

A

hair and mucous layer: trap dust and foreign particles

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8
Q

pharynx F

A

throat area (openings to trachea and oesophagus)

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9
Q

larynx F
(vocal cords)

A

cartilaginous structure

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10
Q

trachea F
(windpipe)

A

C-shaped rings of cartilage
-prevents collapse
-keeps airways open

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11
Q

epithelium of airways (trachea and bronchus)

A

goblet cells and cililated cells

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12
Q

goblet cells

A

produce mucus that trap dust and bacteria

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13
Q

cilia

A

sweep mucus up bronchi and trachea into larynx

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14
Q

properties of alveoli (5)

A
  1. numerous alveoli
  2. many blood capillaries
  3. one-cell thick
  4. thin film of water
  5. maintenance of steep concentration gradient
    –> increase rate of diffusion of gases between alveoli and blood capillaries
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15
Q

one-cell thick

A

short distance for quick diffusion of gases

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16
Q

thin film of water

A

gases dissolve and diffuse easily into blood

17
Q

maintenance of steep conc gradient btwn alveoli and blood capillaries

A

-blood constantly flowing: keep conc of O2 low and CO2 high in blood capillaries
-constant breathing: conc of O2 high and CO2 low in alveoli space

18
Q

pulmonary arteriole

A

deoxygenated blood from heart

19
Q

pulmonary venule

A

oxygenated blood going to the heart

20
Q

process of O2 diffusion (at alveoli)

A

O2 molecules diffuse from alveolar space into RBCs in blood capillaries
(oxygenated carried towards left atrium by pulmonary vein)

21
Q

o2 diffusion at tissues

A

simple diffusion of o2 molecules from RBCs (unbind with haemoglobin) into body cells

22
Q

CO2 diffusion

A

CO2 molecules diffuse from blood in capillaries into alveoli

23
Q

exhalation

A
  1. diaphragm relaxes, arches up
  2. external intercostal muscles relax, internal intercostal muscles contract
    + rib cage: downwards and inwards
  3. thoracic volume decreases
  4. pressure in thoracic cavity increases above atmospheric pressure, lungs are compressed, air is forced out of lungs
24
Q

inhalation

A
  1. diaphragm contracts, flattens down
  2. external intercostal muscles contract, internal intercostal muscles relax
    + rib cage: upwards and outwards
  3. thoracic volume increases
  4. pressure in thoracic cavity decreases below atmospheric pressure, air is forced into lungs
25
Q

carbonic anhydrase

A

enzyme found in RBCs that catalyses conversion of carbon dioxide and water into carbonic acid
(or vice versa: reversible rxn)

26
Q

at tissues (body cells)

A

-simple diffusion of co2 molecules from body cells into blood
-co2 + h2o converted into carbonic acid (in RBCs) catalysed by carbonic anhydrase
-CA dissociates to form bicarbonate and hydrogen ions (in blood plasma)
–> bc of high conc of co2 in body cells

27
Q

at lungs

A

-bicarbonate and hydrogen ions readily react to form carbonic acid
-CA converted to co2 & h2O, catalysed by carbonic anhydrase (in RBCs)
-co2 molecules diffuse from RBC to blood plasma into alveoli to be removed via exhalation
–> bc of low conc of co2 in lungs

28
Q

tobacco smoke components (3)

A

-nicotine
-tar
-CO

29
Q

nicotine effects

A

-increases risk of blood clotting, higher risk of coronary heart disease

30
Q

tar effects

A

-carcinogens
-paralyses cilia lining airways: dust particles trapped in mucus lining cannot be removed
–> higher risk of bronchitis & emphysema

31
Q

CO effects

A

binds tightly with haemoglobin in RBCs to form carboxyhaemoglobin
-less haemoglobin available to bind with co2 –> reduced o2 transport around body

32
Q

emphysema

A

-walls btwn alveoli break down due to persistent violent coughing
-total SA for GE decreases –> slower rate of diffusion of o2 into blood –> difficulty breathing

33
Q

chronic bronchitis

A

-tar coats cilia, becomes paralysed
-excessive mucus secreted by goblet cells
-trapped dust and bacteria stay in respiratory tract –> bacteria grow and multiply
-persistent coughing –> airways become inflamed

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