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Biology > M5 C18: respiration > Flashcards

M5 C18: respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

why do we need respiration?

A

need energy for metabolic reactions such as protein synthesis, maintaining temperature

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2
Q

what is the respiration equation?

A

C6H1206 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H20 + 2870kJ

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3
Q

what is the function of mitochondrion?

A

synthesize ATP

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4
Q

how many membranes do mitochondria have?

A

2

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5
Q

what is the outer membrane of the mitochondria?

A

Smooth
Permeable to several small molecules

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6
Q

what is the inner membrane of the mitochondria?

A

Folded (cristae)
Less permeable
The site of the electron transport chain (used in oxidative phosphorylation)
Location of ATP synthase enzymes (used in oxidative phosphorylation)

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7
Q

what are some key features about the intermembrane space?

A

Has a low pH due to the high concentration of protons
The concentration gradient across the inner membrane is formed during oxidative phosphorylation and is essential for ATP synthesis

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8
Q

what are some features of the matrix?

A

Is an aqueous solution within the inner membranes of the mitochondrion
Contains ribosomes, enzymes and circular mitochondrial DNA necessary for mitochondria to function

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9
Q

what are the 4 stages of aerobic respiration?

A

glycolysis
link reaction
Krebs cycle
Oxidative phosphorylation

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10
Q

what is the result of glycolysis?

A

2 Pyruvate (3C) molecules
Net gain 2 ATP
2 reduced NAD

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11
Q

what happens in phosphorylation in glycolysis?

A

glucose (6C) is phosphorylated by 2 ATP to form hexose bisphosphate (6C) this then splits into 2 triose phosphate molecules (3C)

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12
Q

what happens in oxidation in glycolysis?

A

hydrogen is removed from each molecule of triose phosphate and transferred to coenzyme NAD to form 2 reduced NAD
4H + 2NAD → 2NADH + 2H+

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13
Q

what happens in dephosphorylation in glycolysis?

A

phosphates from triose bisphosphate and from cell cytoplasm are transferred from the intermediate substrate molecules to form 4 ATP through substrate-linked phosphorylation
4Pi + 4ADP → 4ATP

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14
Q

what happens after pyruvate is produced?

A

When oxygen is available pyruvate will enter the mitochondrial matrix and aerobic respiration will continue

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15
Q

what happens after dephosphorylation in glycolysis?

A

pyruvate is produced (3C) which is used in the next stage of respiration

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16
Q

how does the pyruvate move across the membrane?

A

active transport

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17
Q

what happens in the link reaction?

A

-pyruvate moves into matrix
-Pyruvate is oxidised by enzymes to produce acetate, CH3CO(O)- and carbon dioxide, requiring the reduction of NAD to NADH
- Combination with coenzyme A to form acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA)

18
Q

what are the products of link reaction?

A

acetyl CoA + carbon dioxide + reduced NAD

19
Q

where does the krebs cycle take place?

A

in the matrix

20
Q

what happens to acetyl CoA at the start of the krebs cycle?

A

-carbon (4C) oxaloacetate accepts the 2C acetyl fragment from acetyl CoA to form the 6 carbon (6C) citrate
Coenzyme A is released in this reaction

21
Q

what happens after citrate is made in the krebs cycle?

A

Decarboxylation of citrate
Releasing CO2 as waste gas making it now a 5C compound
Oxidation (dehydrogenation) of citrate
Releasing H atoms that reduce NAD

22
Q

what happens to the 5C compound in the krebs cycle?

A

it is decarboxylised meaning it is now a 4C compound
dehydrogenated- reduicng NAD to NADH
adp then becomes atp due to the addition of a phopshate
FAD and NAD are then reduced and the compound is now oxaloactate (4C)

23
Q

what happens to FAD and NAD in oxidative phosphorylation?

A

reduced NAD and FAD deliver their hydrogen atoms to the electron transport chain causing them to be reoxidised

24
Q

what happens after NAD and FAD are deoxidised?

A

the hydrogen atoms split to become protons and electrons.
h+ ions go into the matrix through proteins
e- are accepted by the first electron carrier protein in the chain

25
Q

how do the proteins in the membrane accept the electron?

A

iron at centre of carrier becomes reduced, the elcetron is then donated to the next protein in the chain and so on

26
Q

what does the energy released from the electrons going down the electron transport chain do?

A

used to pump the h+ ions from the matrix to the intermembrane space

27
Q

what happens after the h+ ions are in the intermembrane space?

A

proton gradient forms across the membrane

28
Q

what happens due to the proton gradient?

A

H+ ions diffuse through the channels and form a comformational change in the atp synthase enzyme. this catalyses ADP to ATP.

29
Q

what happens to the electrons in the electron transport chain?

A

oxygen combines with the electrons that have come off the last protein and also combine with the protons forming water

30
Q

why is oxygen needed for respiration?

A

electron cant be received by final electron receptor so NAD wont be oxidized to be recycled

31
Q

what are the 2 pathways of anaerobic respiration?

A

lactate pathway
ethanol fermentation pathway

32
Q

what happens in the lactate pathway?

A

the pyruvate accepts hydrogen atom from the reduced NAD becoming lactate. this then can become oxidized and recycled in glycolysis.

33
Q

what enzyme catalyses the pyruvate molecules accepting the h+ atoms from NAD?

A

lactate dehydrogenase

34
Q

what happens in the ethanol fermentation pathway?

A

the pyruvate loses a carbon to release CO2 and become ethanal. this then gains hydrogen atoms from reduced NAD, which is then reoxidsed to be used again

35
Q

how do you calculate respiratory quotient?

A

volume of CO2 out divided by volume of O2 in

36
Q

what is the respiratory quotient of glucose in anerobic respiration?

A

1 or over

37
Q

what is the respiratory quotient of carbohydrates in aerobic respiration?

A

1

38
Q

what is the respiratory quotient of proteins and lipids in aerobic respiration?

A

proteins- 0.9
lipids - 0.7

39
Q

how does a respirometer work?

A

used to measure the rate of oxygen consumption during aerobic respiration consists of a chamber containing the organism or tissue, a manometer to measure pressure changes, and an absorber of carbon dioxide1.
measuring changes in gas volumes allows us work out rate of respiration

40
Q

what is different between a simple and complex respirometer?

A

complex has 2 tubes 1 being a control

Biology (14 decks)

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