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Biology > Respiration > Flashcards

Respiration Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

reactions of aerobic respiration

A

Glycolysis
Link reaction
Krebs cycle
Respiratory Chain Reactions

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2
Q

main purpose of respiration

A

release energy from food so that ATP can be synthesized in a series of chemical reactions that completely oxidize glucose molecules

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3
Q

where does glycolysis take place?

A

in the cytoplasm of the cell without oxygen

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4
Q

phosphorylation reactions in glycolysis

A

glucose is oxidized to glucose-6-phosphate and further phosphorylated to fructose bizphosphate

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5
Q

what happens for each glucose molecule that is phosphorylated?

A

2 ATP molecules are split to release inorganic phosphate and energy for the process of phosphorylation

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6
Q

what is the purpose of phosphorylation of glucose?

A

to activate thhe glucose so that it is more likely to participate in glycolysis
to make it impossible for glucose to leave the cell since the cell membrane is impermeable to glucose-6-phosphate and fructose bizphosphate

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7
Q

what is produced during the splitting of fructose bizphosphate?

A

3C sugar phosphate molecules are produced
isomers must be in the form of triose phosphate in order to be metabolized

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8
Q

what is NAD?

A

a hydrogen acceptor/ carrier

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9
Q

what does the triose phosphate molecule undergo?

A

dehydrogenation in which 2H atoms are removed and taken up by the hydrogen acceptor, NAD, which becomes reduced to NADH and H+

the triose phosphate becomes oxidized to an intermediate compound which is eventually converted to glycerate-3-phosphate (substrate level phosphorylation occurs to incorporate a high energy phosphate molecule from one of the intermediated to produce a molecule of ATP)

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10
Q

how is phosphenol pyruvate produced?

A

through a series of reactions involving glycerate-3-phosphate

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11
Q

how is pyruvate produced?

A

phosphenol pyruvate is converted in a series of steps to a molecule of pyruvate and a high energy phosphate molecule is removed

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12
Q

what is produced altogether from each glucose molecule in glycolysis

A

2 ATP molecules are used for phosphorylation
4 ATP molecules are manufactured by substrate level phosphorylation
2 reduced NAD molecules
2 pyruvate molecules are manufactured
net production of ATP is 2 per glucose molecule

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13
Q

what does the reduced NAD do in glycolysis?

A

transports the H atoms into the mitochondria to the respiratory chain where phosphorylation will occur

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14
Q

structure of the mitochondria

A

spherical in shape
outer membrane is not very permeable but contains transport proteins that allow pyruvate to enter from the cytoplasm
inner membrane is foldedand contains many proton pumps and actively carries protons to the inter membranal space
many electron transport and channel proteins to which ATP synthase is attached

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15
Q

intermembranal space of mitochondria

A

high concentration of protons which are important for maintaining an electrochemical gradient

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16
Q

matrix of mitochondria

A

gel like in consistency
contains enzymes and chemicals needed for the link reaction and the krebs cycle reactions
has a suitable pH for enzyme activity
contains phosphate granules
70s ribosomes and circular DNA molecule

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17
Q

where does the link reaction occur?

A

in the matrix of the mitochondria

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18
Q

process of the link reaction

A

↳ In the matrix, the pyruvate undergoes oxidative decarboxylaction. In that process, carbon is removed and converted to CO. Hydrogen is taken up by, NAD which becomes reduced while the pyruvate becomes oxidized. The pyruvate is converted to an acetyl group.
- The acetyl group undergoes a chemical reaction with coenzyme A to form acetyl coenzyme A which enters the krebs cycle to deliver the acetyl group.

19
Q

general formula for the link reaction

A

Pyruvate + Coenzyme A –> Acetyl CoA + CO2 + Reduced NAD

20
Q

per pyruvate molecule in the link reaction, what is produced?

A

1 reduced NAD
1 CO2 released
1 molecule of acetyl CoA

21
Q

where does the Krebs cycle occur

A

matrix of mitochondria

22
Q

role of Krebs cycle

A

do not consume oxygen but take place in the presence of oxygen
finishes he breakdown of glucose which starts in glycolysisand it fuels the production of ATP on the respiratory chain

23
Q

how is 6-carbon citrate produced?

A

acetyl coenzyme A molecule splits into an acetyl group and CoA
theacetyl group undergoes a chemical reaction with 4-carbon oxaoacetate
6-carbon citrate is produced

24
Q

krebs cycle process

A

The 6- carbon citrate compound undergoes a series of decarboxylaction and denalogenation.
For each acetyl COA molecule that enters the krebs cycle, 210, molecules are produced.

Hydrogen atoms are accepted by NAD and FAB, 3 NAD molecules are reduced and IFAD molecule is also reduced.
Oxaloacetate is regenerated so that it can continue to accept the acetyl group from acetyl CoA and the krebs cycle can continue.
1 ATP molecule is manufactured by substrate level photophosphorylation for each acetyl Con that enters the krebs cycle reactions

25
Q

what is a manometer?

A

device used to measure changes in pressure

26
Q

what is oxidative phosphorylation?

A

Oxidative Phosphorylation is the process in which ATP is manufactured From ADP and inorganic phosphate using energy released during the transfer of electrons and protons from reduced NAD and reduced FAD to oxygen via a series of hydrogen and electron carriers.

27
Q

where does oxidative phosphorylation occur?

A

The reactions take place in the inner mitochondrial membrane where the chain of hydrogen and electron carriers is located. The final acceptor of electrons and protons is oxygen, water is formed as a product

28
Q

what happens to the hydrogen atoms from the first hydrogen carrier?

A

they are transferred to the second hydrogen carrier to become reduced and the first carrier becomes oxidized once more

29
Q

what does the reduced NAD do in the beginning of oxidative phosphorylation?

A

brings hydrogen atoms to the first hydrogen carrier in the chain
the hydrogen is transferred to the carrier which becomes reduced and the reduced NAD becomes oxidized and regenerated to be reused in glycolysis

30
Q

what does reduced FAD do in oxidatie phosphorylation?

A

brings hydrogen to the second hydrogen carrier which becomes reduced
oxidized FAD is regenerated to be reused in the Krebs cycle

31
Q

what happens to the electrons from the hydrogen in oxidative phosphorylation?

A

transported along 2 electron carriers in succession while the protons remain in solution in the matrix of the mitochondria each of the electron carriers becomes reduced when it accepts the electrons, and then oxidized when it loses the electrons during electron transfer

32
Q

what is the energy that is released during the 2 successive electron transfers used to do?

A

synthesize ATP molecules at 2 different points along the chain

33
Q

how many ATP molecules are produced from one glucose molecule during aerobic respiration?

A

38

34
Q

how is ATP actually synthesized in the mitochondria?

A

The transfer of protons and electrons from reduced NAD and reduced FAD to oxygen along the electron transport chain results in the release of energy which is used to synthesize AT P.
Some of the energy is used in actively transporting protons against a concentration gradient into the intermembraneal space from the matrix.

An electrochemical gradient is established with a higher concentration of protons in the intermembranel space and a lower concentration of protons in the matrix.

Protons move along a diffusion gradient into the matrix via chancel proteins that are associated with ATP synthase enzyme (catalyses the formation of
ATP from ADP in organic phosphates and energy).

As the protons move through the channel proteins into the matrix, energy is released and used to synthesize ATP

35
Q

how many ATP molecules are produced in anaerobic respiration?

A

2 ATP

36
Q

what happens in order for 2 ATP molecules to be produced in lactate fermentation?

A

lack of oxygen means pyruvate will not enter mitochondria
NAD will be regenerated

37
Q

what happens to pyruvate at the end of glycolysis in lactate fermentation

A

it is convered into lactic acid/ lactate by the enzyme (lactate dehydrogenase) which transfers hydrogen from the reduced NAD to pyruvate which is then converted to lactate

38
Q

formula for alcohol fermentation

A

C6H12O6 —> 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 + energy

39
Q

what organisms undergo alcohol fermentation?

A

yeast, some bacteria and certain plants

40
Q

conditions for alcohol fermentation

A

absence of oxygen
NAD must be regenerated

41
Q

what happens to the pyruvate in alcohol fermentation?

A

it is decarboxylated by the enzyme pyruvate decarboxylase
CO2 is evolved and the pyruvate is converted to ethanal

42
Q

how is ethanal converted to ethanol?

A

alcohol dehydrogenase transfers hydrogen rom reduced NAD to the ethanal and it is then converted to ethanol

NAD is regenerated in this process

43
Q

formula for lactate fermentation

A

C6H12O6 —> 2C3H6O3 + energy

Biology (5 decks)

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