Respiration Flashcards
What is a condensation reaction?
Removes a molecule of water
What is a hydrolysis reaction?
Adding a molecule of water
What is energy?
The ability to do work
-metabolism, movement, active transport
What are the uses of ATP?
-Instant source of energy to the cell
-Releases energy in small amounts
-Can be synthesised/ re used
-Mobile, can be transported around the cell
What is the ADP reaction?
ADP + Pi = ATP
-formed in a condensation reaction
-makes ADP into ATP
-uses the enzyme ATP synthase
-(Pi = inorganic phosphate)
What is the ATP reaction?
ATP + Water = ADP + Pi
-formed in a hydrolysis reaction
-causes a phosphate group to be lost from ATP which releases energy
What is ATP?
A mono nucleotide
-made of adenine base, ribose sugar and three phosphate groups
What is reduction?
Adding electrons or adding hydrogen or removing oxygen
What is oxidation?
Removing electrons or removing hydrogen or adding oxygen
What is the equation for aerobic respiration?
Glucose + Oxygen = Carbon Dioxide + Water
C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6CO2 + 6H20
What is the overview of glycolysis?
-Little ATP made
-Requires no oxygen
-Splitting of the respiratory substrate
-Molecules prepped for entry into second stage of the process
What are the 4 stages of respiration?
- Glycolysis
- Link Reaction
- Krebs cycle
- Electron Transport Chain
What are the parts of the membrane?
-Outer Membrane = contains transport proteins
-Inner Membrane = contains ETC and ATP synthase for oxidation phosphorylation
-Inter Membrane Space = small space to quickly accumulate proteins
-Matrix = has enzymes at a suitable pH for krebs cycle
-Cristae = small space to quickly accumulate proteins
-Stalked Particles = where ATP production happens on the inner membrane
What is the process of glycolysis?
- Glucose with 6 carbon sugar
- Hydrolyse 2 molecules of ATP into ADP to phosphorylate glucose
- Turns into phosphorylated glucose which is highly reactive
- Glucose phosphate splits into 2 GP molecules
- GP molecules undergo a series of enzyme controlled reactions
- GP becomes oxidised and NAD is reduced
- GP gains 2 molecules of ATP from ADP each - GP becomes 2 pyruvates
Where does glycolysis happen and what isn’t needed?
-Happens in the cytoplasm of the cell
-Oxygen is not required
What is the net gain of ATP during glycolsis?
-Uses up 2x ATP molecules
-Produces 4x ATP molecules
= net gain of 2 ATP molecules
What does dehyrogenation mean?
The removal of hydrogen
What does decarboxylation mean?
The removal of carbon
What are the stages of the link reaction?
- Pyruvates move into the mitochondria
- The co enzyme NAD takes a hydrogen atom from each pyruvate
-NAD is reduced
-Pyruvate is oxidised - Pyruvate then loses a carbon atom and forms carbon dioxide and a 2 carbon compound
- Co enzyme A reacts with the 2 carbon compound to form an acetyl coenzyme
What is a link reaction?
-Links glycolysis to the Krebs cycle
-Happens in the matrix of the mitochondria
What are the stages of the Krebs cycle?
- Acetyl coenzyme A (2C) which was produced in the link reaction enters the circular pathway
- This joins with oxaloacetate (4C) to form citrate (6C)
- Carbon dioxide is removed by decarboxylation and NAD removes a hydrogen becoming reduced NAD
- This forms a 5C compound which is an intermediate compound
- NAD removes 2 more hydrogens creating 2 more reduced NAD, FAD also removes a hydrogen creating reduced FAD
- The intermediate compound transfers a phosphate to ADP to form ATP
- Turns back into oxaloacetate and the cycle happens again
What are the products of the Krebs cycle?
-ATP
-3 reduced NAD
-1 reduced FAD
-Carbon dioxide
What happens in the electron transport chain/oxidative phosphorylation?
- Reduced NAD and FAD transfer their electrons and hydrogen ions
- The electrons are passed from carrier to carrier, where they release small amounts of energy, along the electron transport chain by a series of redox reactions
- Oxygen is the final acceptor of the electrons
- The hydrogen ions are passed into the intermembrane space by ATP synthase through chemiosmosis
- This causes ADP to be converted into ATP
- The oxygen picks up the hydrogen ions creating water
What are the types of anaerobic fermentation?
-Ethanol fermentation
-Lactate fermentation
What are the stages of ethanol fermentation?
- Glucose is converted into 2 pyruvates by glycolysis
- Pyruvate is decarboxylated to ethanal producing carbon dioxide
- Ethanal is reduced to ethanol by the coenzyme alcohol dehydrogenase
- Ethanal is the hydrogen acceptor, ethanol cannot be further broken down and is a waste product
What are the stages of lactate fermentation?
- Glucose is converted into 2 pyruvates by glycolysis
- Pyruvate is reduced to lactate by enzyme lactate dehydrogenase
- Pyruvate is the hydrogen acceptor
- Lactate is the final product which can then be further broken down
