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Ichthyology > Respiration > Flashcards

Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

Cellular respiration

A

chemical process by which cells obtain energy from molecules such as glucose

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2
Q

Physiological respiration (focus on this one more)

A

uptake of O2 from environment + its distribution to of tissues of body

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3
Q

what is the biggest respiratory challenge fish face compared to humans?

A

conc of O2 in water

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4
Q

affect on temp + salinity increase on oxygen

problem?

A

oxygen concentration decrease

v. difficult to obtain sufficient O2 to fuel metabolism

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5
Q

two problems to over come to breath underwater?

A
  1. get water to gills (ventilation)
  2. extract oxygen from the water
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6
Q

How many gill arches on either side of head in teleosts and elasmobranchs?

A

teleosts = 4
elasmobranchs = 5

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7
Q

structures on gill arch?

A

gill arch (started supporting body, then co-opted to other uses)
gill filaments
gill rakers (act live sieve, stop things coming into mouth + damaging filaments + useful for filter feeding)

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8
Q

spiracle

A

elasmobranchs do, none in teleosts

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9
Q

operculum

A

present in teleosts (bony plate) , none in elasmobranchs (see gill slits)

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10
Q

Teleosts

A

have rows of filaments (pairs) off each interbranchial septum
arches/gills contained/protected by bony operculum
water in through mouth -> across gills -> exit through operculum

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11
Q

Elasmobranchs

A

have septum running from arch to outside of fish and has filaments coming off septum
gill slit = end of septum
spiracle (water enters + through mouth -> across gills -> leaves through gill slits)
no operculum

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12
Q

each arch carries…

A

…2 rows of filaments

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13
Q

filaments stiffened with…

A

…internal bony ray

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14
Q

each filament carries…

A

…leaf-like lamellae positioned parallel to water flow

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15
Q

Blood flow in relation to water flow

A

blood flows opposite to water flow = counter current exchange -> maintains diffusion gradient for entire length of blood vessel

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16
Q

concurrent flow

A

blood + water in same direction

quickly reach 50% transfer + then not have conc gradient - not very efficient

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17
Q

Counter-current flow

A

always encountering water w/ high O2 conc than the blood

all gills use counter-current flow

efficient transfer of gasses

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18
Q

Lamellae - surface area? diffusion distance?

A

interleaved w/ adjacent filaments - increase sa

mainly blood vessel, supported by pillar cells, short diffusion distance between the water + blood - to maximise transfer

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19
Q

Circulation in fish

A

single circulatory system

venous blood into heart, pumped to gills + around body + then back to heart again

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20
Q

Single circulatory system

A

Single circulation is present in fishes. Fishes have a two-chambered heart consisting of an atrium and a ventricle. The heart receives deoxygenated blood from tissues and it is pumped out to gills for purification. From there, oxygenated blood is supplied to different body tissues.

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21
Q

atrium

A

thin wall, muscular

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22
Q

ventricle

A

more muscular, more thick walls

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23
Q

Problems compared to double circulatory system

A

gills = high sa + thin walled, short diffusion distance, w/ blood pumping at high pressure = would be dangerous

bulbous arteriosus used for this - muscular + elastic blood vessel

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24
Q

bulbous arteriosus

A

muscular + elastic blood vessel

stretches when pumps + relaxes slowly when heart is contraction - to level out flow - acts as capacitor - instead of having pulse, the blood travels in regular even flow - to stop high pressure pumping, and has enough pressure for the gills to function

25
Q

why is it more difficult to move water across gills?

A

water is more viscous than air

26
Q

Ventilation

A
  1. ram ventilation (passive, forward motion passes water across gills)
  2. active ventilation (pumping water across gills, bringing it in through mouth)
27
Q

Ram Ventilation

A

forward swimming forces water through the mouth, exits at operculum (gill-slits in sharks)

creates some drag, otherwise doesn’t require any muscular work (passive)

28
Q

Basking shark (ram ventilation)

A

filter feeder too - ram ventilation makes sense for them

swim forward - water enters mouth + exits through gill slits

water passes across filaments + allows gaseous exchange

drag created - in filter feeder = not a problem, but in fast fish drag = more of a problem

29
Q

Buccal ventilation

A

fish actively pump water over gills

30
Q

Steps to buccal ventilation

A
  1. buccal cavity (BC) increases, water drawn in through mouth
  2. fraction later opercular cavity (OC) increases but opercular valve
31
Q

Goldfish (Buccal ventilation)

A

pumping water across gills

doesn’t require forward motion - useful for fish that aren’t swimming all the time

does use energy - due to muscular contraction

32
Q

sharks and some larger teleosts

A

some fish ram ventilate + buccal ventilate

33
Q

Mackerel that ram ventilates and buccal ventilates

A

at low swimming speed, gill beat frequency increases - higher O2 demand

stops beating gills = when Mackerel swaps from buccal ventilation to ram ventilation

amount of O2 needed at greater speeds = not linear = it increases substantially on a exponential basis, when you start going fast

resistance of water when going fast = you need more O2

34
Q

most teleosts

A

don’t use ram ventilation
if need to get out of trouble, mainly built out of white muscle -> generate lactic acid debt -> anaerobic respiration -> compensate for this when out of trouble

35
Q

aerial respiration

A

breathe air

sluggish fish

many freshwater fish - have accessory organ

need exposure to external environment - air or water; air = more O2 conc = more beneficial

modified gills - can withstand losing support of water around it

allows fish to leave the water or to live in hypoxic environments

36
Q

reason why fish don’t do well in air

A

gills rely on viscosity of water to maintain shape - when taken out of water, gills clump together - lose sa, so can’t extract enough O2 using this area
if reinforce gills, or have area of gills that doesn’t rely on filaments and had big blood supply to inside of buccal cavity - use this in air

some use stomach - physostome - due to link
or high blood supply to cheek, or skin, or rectum

37
Q

physostome

A

gulp air to fill swim bladder - so swim bladder = good supply of gasses for aerial respiration

lots of primitive fish - non-teleosts, bony fish - can use modified swim bladder

38
Q

aerial respiration allows fish to leave water

A

lungfish

mudskippers - use cheeks - mix of water + air in cheek = move cheek around to reoxygenate water, O2 diffuses from water to blood vessels within cheeks

39
Q

aerial respiration allows fish to live in hypoxic environments

A

environments where hypoxia develops - low levels of O2 in body tissues

stagnant water - high biological O2 demand - lots of rotting + bacteria

fish go to surface, gulp air + use that to breathe

40
Q

Highly active fish

A

swim all time

lunate tale = most high aspect ratio tail - low area, big span

pectoral fins = used as hydroplanes, generate lift

may be beating tail all time

bigger swimming muscles, more active swimming muscles than other fish

need more O2 to swimming muscles

41
Q

more activity…

A

…requires more oxygen

increasing stoke volume (more water per pump)

increasing stroke rate (more pumps per min)

both beh s-t changes

decreases time water in contact w/ gill (from 250ms at rest to 30ms at speed)

s-t control of gill area affected by release of adrenaline to accommodate diff activity levels

highly active fish show physiological + morphological adaptations - most obvious = increased gill sa

42
Q

gill area

A

expressed per unit of mass/every gram of tissue - can compare small and large fish together - representable

angler fish - sits at bottom - waits for food - doesn’t need big swimming muscles - if getting out of trouble uses white muscle -> sits on sea bed to pay off O2 debt

tuna fish - swim all time - need to continuously extract enough O2 to keep in motion

43
Q

thickness of barrier between blood + water

A

thin barriers result in faster diffusion

highly active fish can reduce thickness of barrier between blood in their gills + seawater around it

epithelium + basement membrane + flange form pillar cell that wraps around blood vessel

dogfish = not particularly active animal

tuna = really fast - need lot of O2 - thin barrier between blood running through gills + seawater running across the gills

44
Q

Highly active fish + ram ventilation

A

faster they go -> reduced contact time between lamellae + a “unit” of water
high conc gradient -> more diffusion (rate of diffusion depends on diff in conc)

good mechanism - faster you go, greater your O2 demand, more efficient you are at extraction

45
Q

High aerobic performance

A

thin blood barrier, large gill sa, ram ventilation

46
Q

Low aerobic performance

A

thick blood barrier, small gill sa, buccal ventilation

47
Q

Fish - ectothermic

A

relying on an external heat source

48
Q

fish - poikilothermic

A

having a variable body temp

49
Q

mammals - endothermic

A

use an internal heat source

50
Q

mammal - homiothermic

A

maintain a constant body temp

51
Q

The rete mirabile

A

maintain conc gradient between contents of adjacent capillaries (arterioles and venules)

utilises principal of countercurrent flow

potential transfer efficiency = 100%

used in swim bladder to maintain high O2 conc in gas gland

allows diffusion in heat or O2

gills = not a rete mirabile

52
Q

A rete mirabile relies on:

A
  • small diameter capillaries, w/ thin walls, all packed tightly together, w/ arterioles + venules adjacent to one another
  • may be over 200,000 capillaries in a rete mirabile
53
Q

swimming muscles in tunas and endothermic sharks

A

more inside the body (further from sea water) for insulation - reduce heat loss

54
Q

lateral blood vessels

A

pass through rete mirabile before getting to swimming muscles

all tuna = lateral vessels - some have central retias
bluefin tuna = has lateral retia - due to them being big - bigger body = lose less heat and generate heat

55
Q

Retia mirabilia (plural) in fish

A
  • O2 multiplication in retina
  • O2 multiplication in swimbladder
  • heat multiplication in scombrid + lamnid shark muscle
56
Q

advantages of endothermy

A

mammal like muscle power - red muscle of tuna = stenothermic (narrow temp range)

increased digestive efficiency (enzyme activity dependent on temp)

increased ability to see in the deep-dark ocean (Orbital rete mirabile e.g. big-eye thresher, swordfish)

57
Q

Ecological consequence: niche expansion

A

varying degrees of endothermy determine thermal niche

58
Q

Evolutionary Convergence of Tunas and Lamnid Sharks (Mackerel Sharks)

A

separated by more than 500 million yrs of evolution

convergence

deeply inserted swimming muscles in short fin mako + albacore tuna = similar they look - entirely convergence

Ichthyology (10 decks)

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