respiration

Question 1

Why is respiration important?

Answer 1

● Respiration produces ATP (to release energy)
● For active transport, protein synthesis etc.

Question 2

Summarise the stages of aerobic & anaerobic respiration

Answer 2

Aerobic respiration
1. Glycolysis - cytoplasm (anaerobic)
2. Link reaction - mitochondrial matrix
3. Krebs cycle - mitochondrial matrix
4. Oxidative phosphorylation - inner
mitochondrial membrane

Anaerobic respiration
1. Glycolysis - cytoplasm
2. NAD regeneration - cytoplasm

Question 3

Describe the process of glycolysis

Answer 3

1. Glucose phosphorylated to glucose phosphate
   ○ Using inorganic phosphates from 2 ATP
2. Hydrolysed to 2 x triose phosphate
3. Oxidised to 2 pyruvate
   ○ 2 NAD reduced
   ○ 4 ATP regenerated (net gain of 2)

Question 4

Explain what happens after glycolysis if respiration is anaerobic

Answer 4

1. Pyruvate converted to lactate (animals &
   some bacteria) or ethanol (plants & yeast)
2. Oxidising reduced NAD → NAD regenerated
3. So glycolysis can continue (which needs
   NAD) allowing continued production of ATP

Question 5

Suggest why anaerobic respiration produces less ATP per molecule of
glucose than aerobic respiration

Answer 5

● Only glycolysis involved which produces little ATP (2 molecules)
● No oxidative phosphorylation which forms majority of ATP (around 34 molecules)

Question 6

What happens after glycolysis if respiration is aerobic?

Answer 6

Pyruvate is actively transported into the mitochondrial matrix

Question 7

Describe the link reaction

Answer 7

1. Pyruvate oxidised (and decarboxylated) to acetate
   ○ CO2 produced
   ○ Reduced NAD produced (picks up H)
2. Acetate combines with coenzyme A, forming Acetyl
   Coenzyme A

Products per glucose molecule: 2 x Acetyl Coenzyme A,
2 X CO2 and 2 X reduced NAD

Question 8

Describe the Krebs cycle

Answer 8

1. Acetyl coenzyme A (2C) reacts with a
   4C molecule
   ○ Releasing coenzyme A
   ○ Producing a 6C molecule that
   enters the Krebs cycle
2. In a series of oxidation-reduction
   reactions, the 4C molecule is
   regenerated and:
   ○ 2 x CO2
   lost
   ○ Coenzymes NAD & FAD reduced
   ○ Substrate level phosphorylation
   (direct transfer of Pi from
   intermediate compound to ADP)
   → ATP produced
   Products per glucose molecule: 6 x reduced NAD,
   2 x reduced FAD, 2 x ATP and 4 x CO2

Question 9

Describe the process of oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 9

1. ## Reduced NAD/FAD oxidised to release H atoms → split into protons (H+) and electrons (e)
2. Electrons transferred down electron transfer chain (chain of carriers at decreasing energy levels)
   ○ By redox reactions
3. Energy released by electrons used in the production of ATP from ADP + Pi (chemiosmotic theory):
   ○ Energy used by electron carriers to actively pump protons from matrix → intermembrane space
   ○ Protons diffuse into matrix down an electrochemical gradient, via ATP synthase (embedded)
   ○ Releasing energy to synthesise ATP from ADP + Pi
4. In matrix at end of ETC, oxygen is final electron acceptor (electrons can’t pass along otherwise)
   ○ So protons, electrons and oxygen combine to form water

Question 10

Give examples of other respiratory substrates

Answer 10

Breakdown products of lipids and amino acids, which enter the Krebs cycle. For example:
● Fatty acids from hydrolysis of lipids → converted to Acetyl Coenzyme A
● Amino acids from hydrolysis of proteins → converted to intermediates in Krebs cycle