Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe the process of Glycolysis

A

Location: Cytoplasm
1. Phosphorylation
2. Isomerization
3. Phosphorylation
4. Lysis
5. Isomerization
*End of the energy consumption phase
6. Redox
7. Phosphorylation
8. Isomerization
9. Water Molecule Lost?
10. Phosphorylation
Net gain: 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 NADH
Summary: Glucose is converted into 2 Pyruvate through a series of 10 enzymatic reactions

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2
Q

Describe the Link Reaction

A

Location: Matrix of the mitochondria
1. Pyruvate enters the matrix
2. Pyruvate is oxidized [NADH + H is formed through the reduction of NAD+]
3. Decarboxylation occurs [one CO2 is formed]
4. acetyl CoA (acetyl coenzyme A) is formed
Summary: Pyruvate (3C) is converted into acetyl CoA (2C)

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3
Q

Describe the Krebs Cycle [Citric Acid Cycle]

A
  1. Acetyl CoA combines with Oxaloacetate -> Citric acid (6C)
  2. Isomerization -> Isocitrate
  3. Oxidation / Decarboxylation -> Alpha-ketoglutarate [CO2 and NADH] (5C)
  4. Oxididation / Decarboxylation -> succinyl CoA [CO2 and NADH] (4C)
  5. Phosphorylation -> Succinate [GTP]
  6. Oxidation -> Fumarate [FADH+]
  7. Hydration -> Malate
  8. Oxidation -> Oxaloacetate [NADH]
    Products: 3 NADH + 3H, 1 FADH2, 1 ATP, 2 CO2
    Regenerates: Oxoacetate
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4
Q

What is the purpose of the Krebs Cycle?

A

To generate NADH and FADH2 to enter the ETC and transport electrons

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5
Q

What stimulates the Krebs Cycle?

A

The presence of ADP and Calcium (stimulates the link reaction)

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6
Q

What inhibits the Krebs Cycle?

A

The presence of ATP, NADH, and FADH2

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7
Q

Describe the Electron Transport Chain [Oxidative Phosphorylation]

A

Location -> Inner membrane [mitochondria]
Chemiosmosis -> The movement of ions across a selectively permeable membrane down their electrochemical gradient
1. Oxidation -> NADH and FADH2 [electrons and hydrogen ions removed]
2. Electrons passed between protein complexes
3. Negative electrons draw positive hydrogens across the membrane [H+ concentration increased in intermembrane space]
4. Chemiosmosis -> H+ diffuses rapidly through ATP synthase [energy from movement used by ATP synthase]
5. Phosphorylation -> ADP + Pi = ATP
6. Reduction -> O2 is used as the final electron acceptor [H20 is formed and the concentration gradient is kept]

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8
Q

Name Substrates for the production of ATP

A

Glucose and fatty acids are the principal substrates for cell respiration, however, a wide range of carbon/organic compounds can be used.

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9
Q

What variables might affect cellular respiration?

A
  1. Temperature [37C]
  2. Oxygen levels
  3. Glucose Concentration
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10
Q

Compare aerobic and anaerobic respiration

A

Anaerobic:
Substrate -> Glucose
O2? -> No
ATP yield -> 2
Waste products -> Lactic acid and CO2
Location -> Cytoplasm

Aerobic:
Substrate -> Glucose, Fatty Acids, Amino Acids
O2? -> Yes
ATP yield -> 36
Waste products -> H2O and CO2
Location -> Mitochondria

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11
Q

What is the equation for alcoholic fermentation?

A

Glucose -> C6H12O6
Pyruvate -> C3H5O3
Ethanol -> C2H6O
Carbon dioxide -> CO2

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12
Q

What is the equation for lactic acid fermentation?

A

Lactic acid -> C3H6O3

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13
Q

What is Hydrolysis?

A

When water breaks the phosphate bond in ATP releasing energy.

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14
Q

What are the products and reactants of cellular respiration?

A

Reactants -> Oxygen and Glucose
Products -> CO2, Water, and ATP

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