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Section 5 Biology > Respiration > Flashcards

Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

Where does glycolysis occur

A

Cytoplasm

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2
Q

Where does link reaction occur

A

Mitochondrial matrix

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3
Q

Where does the Krebs cycle occur

A

Mitochondrial matrix

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4
Q

Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur

A

Mitochondrial inner membrane-cristae

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5
Q

What are the three main steps of glycolysis

A

Phosphorylation glucose to glucose phosphate (using ATP)
production of triose phosphate
Oxidation of trios phosphate to produce pyruvate with net gain of ATP and reduced NAD(coenzyme)

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6
Q

What are the products of glycolysis

A

2x pyruvate
Net gain of 2 ATP
2x NADH

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7
Q

What happens to pyruvate and NADH after glycolysis

A

Actively transported from cytoplasm into the mitochondrial matrix

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8
Q

Explain what happens in the Link Reaction

A

The pyruvate made in glycolysis is oxidised further to form acetate
Acetate loses a hydrogen
Hydrogen picked up by NAD = NADH
Acetate is a 2 carbon molecule because CO2 is formed in the reaction
Acetate then combined with coenzyme A = ACETYLCOENZYME A

link reaction occurs twice for every glucose molecule - for every glucose molecule formed there is:
2x acetyl CoA
2x CO2 released
2x NADH
Formed

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9
Q

What is the job of coenzyme A

A

To deliver Acetyl-CoA to the 4 carbon compound
Released once used to be reused in Link reaction

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10
Q

What happens in the Krebs Cycle?

A

Acetyl CoA reacts with 4 carbon molecule, releasing coenzyme A and producing a 6 carbon molecule that enters the Krebs Cycle
In series of Redox reactions, the Krebs cycle generates REDUCED COENZYMES and ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation + CO2 is lost

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11
Q

What r the products of Krebs Cycle per cycle AND per glucose molecule ?

A

Per cycle:
3x reduced NAD
1x reduced FAD
1x ATP
2x CO2

Per glucose molecule:
6x reduced NAD
2x reduced FAD
2x ATP
4x CO2

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12
Q

Where is most of the ATP produced in respiration?

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

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13
Q

What happens during oxidative phosphorylation?

A

In mitochondrial matrix, all of reduced coenzymes produced release their hydrogens = protons + electrons
Electrons transported along electron transport chain = energy
Energy used to actively transport protons from matrix to Inter membrane space
Creates electrochemical gradient
=protons move my facilitated diffusion DOWN con gradient through ATP SYNTHASE
Atp synthase phosphorylates ADP = ATP (34)

END of electrontransfer chain - electrons picked up my oxygen
Also picks up protons that have passed though
= WATER
(Final electron acceptor = O2)

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14
Q

What is anaerobic respiration and what happens during it?

A

Absence of oxygen respiration occurs anaerobically - CYTOPLASM

Pyruvate produced in glycolysis is reduced to form ethanol and CO2 (plants and microbes)
OR
Lactate, remaining in cytoplasm, (animals) by pyruvate gaining the hydrogen immediately from NADH

This oxidises NAD = reused in glycolysis and ensure more ATP is continued to be produced

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15
Q

describe the process of glycolysis (3)

A

phosphorylation of glucose to triose phosphate (using ATP)
oxidation of triosephosphate to form pyruvate
withnet gain of ATP and NADH

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16
Q

what is the importance of oxygen in respiration

A

oxygen is the final electron acceptor
- if didn’t accept electrons = no more electrons move down chain
- protons wouldn’t be transported across membrane
= no gradient = no ATP made

17
Q

why does NAD become ‘reduced’ when gaining a hydrogen

A

hydrogen made up of a proton and electron
- gains proton and electron

18
Q

why id NADH oxidised during anaerobic respiration

A

do NAD can be reused in glycolysis and make sure ATP is continued to be produced
and glycolysis can continue

19
Q

why can’t anaerobic respiration go on for long periods of time

A

either lactate or ethanol will denature enzymes involved in glycolysis
= respiration will stop

20
Q

explain the efficiency of aerobic respiration

A

one molecule of glucose
= 38 molecules of ATP
= 32% efficiency (not high)
because:
- oxidative phosphorylation, protons move through ATP synthase by F. diffusion - BUT some can leak across mitochondrial membrane
- ATP used to actively transport pyruvate and NADH into matric
- some energy lost as heat

21
Q

explain why anaerobic respiration is less efficient than aerobic respiration

A

for every 1 glucose molecule (not fully broken down)
= 2 ATP molecules produced

22
Q

what does dehydrogenase enzyme do

A

occurs in yeast
- catalyses reactions involved in removing H from coenzymes and carbon compounds

23
Q

how do we track how quickly dehydrogenase enzyme catalyses reactions (indicator of rate of respiration)

A

add artificial hydrogen acceptor (TTC)
TTC = redox indicator
- when oxidised it is colourless
- when picks up hydrogen and reduced = red precipitate

24
Q

what is the hypothesis used in yeast required practical

A

the yeast and TTC will turn red faster, indicating a faster rate of reaction, as the temp increases

25
Q

what should be done before starting the yeast experiment

A

leave a test tube containing solution of sugar and yeast
and one with TTC
- place in water bath for 5 min
- thermometer to check if they reached temp of water bath (both solutions) - equilibrated to temp of water bath

26
Q

describe the method of yeast experiment

A
  • mix solutions of sugar + yeast with TTC and place in water bath
  • leave for set period of time (around 15 minutes) mixing in-between
  • stop stopwatch and take out mixture when turned to preferred red/pink colour (standardised)
  • record time taken
  • calculate rate of reaction (1000 divided by time)
    -repeat with increasing temperatures
27
Q

what statistical test is the yeast experiment

A

Spearman’s rank
- is there a correlation (positive/ negative) between two variables

28
Q

what are the limitations to the yeast experiment and how to overcome

A

end-point is subjective even with measures out in place to standardise
- using colorimeter to give quantitative result and remove subjective nature

difficulties seeing colour change in water bath - having to keep taking test tubes out of water bath in order to see
= temp may drop
- ideally using a see-through thermostatic water bath to observe colour change without having to take it out

29
Q

why does the TTC turn red in yeast experiment

A

dehydrogenase removed H from NADH
- TTC picked up the H
- this reduced the TTC to form a red precipitate

30
Q

which stages of respiration will dehydrogenase enzyme remove hydrogen

A

NADH is made in glycolysis, link reaction and Krebs cycle
- because dehydrogenase removed H from carbon compounds
- also used in oxidative phosphorylation to removed H from all the coenzymes

31
Q

malonate inhibits Krebs cycle
Explain why malonate would decrease the uptake of oxygen in a respiring cell

A

Less NAD reduced/ coenzymes
- oxygen is the final electron acceptor

32
Q

explain the advantage of the Bohr effect on respiration

A

increases dissociation of oxygen
for aerobic respiration at muscle cells

33
Q

suggest 3 reasons why the apparatus was left for the first 10 minutes of the respirometer experiment

A
  • to reach equilibrate
  • allow expansion/ pressure changes
  • allow respiration rate of seeds to stabilise to new env
34
Q

suggest why the chosen temperature was between 15-20 degrees in the respirometer experiment

A
  • optimal temperature for seeds to respire
  • optimal temperature for enzymes involved in respiration
35
Q

explain why the coloured liquid began moving towards respiring seeds/ insect during respirometer experiment

A
  • CO2 produced was absorbed by the KOH (potassium hydroxide)
  • oxygen used up by seeds in respiration
  • volume decreases
36
Q

a drug which activates an enzyme that produces acetylcoA and develops slow twitch muscle fibres is not allowed to be taken by professional athletes - why?

A

more acetyl coenzyme A enters Kreb’s cycle
- more coenzymes produced
- more ATP produced
- athletes are able to build slow twitch muscle fibres w/o exercising
- improves performance/ endurance

37
Q
A

Section 5 Biology (3 decks)

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