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BIO HL: Photosynthesis and Respiration > Respiration > Flashcards

Respiration Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the first step in respiration?

A

Glycolysis

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2
Q

What is the main idea of glycolysis?

A

It breaks down 1 glucose into 2 pyruvate

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3
Q

What are the three major phases of glycolysis?

A

Energy investment
Lysis
Energy harvesting

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4
Q

Describe the energy investment phase of glycolysis.

A

ATP phosphorylates glucose twice (2 reactions).
this requires the INVESTMENT of 2 ATP’s

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5
Q

What happens during lysis?

A

The phosphoryated glucose is broken into two 3C molecules (G3P) as the 6C is too weak.

Each G3P group has an inorganic phosphate group added(PO4-). Simultaneously, NAD+ is reduced to become NADH.

An enzyme removes the PO4- from the #C molecule and gives it to ADP, making ATP. This happens twice per 3C molecule (so 4x with glucose, making a ATP)

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6
Q

What is the electron carrier molecule used in Glycolysis?

A

NAD+

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7
Q

Which inorganic phosphate group is added to the G3P molecules in the energy harvesting stage?

A

PO4-

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8
Q

What is substrate level phosphorylation?

A

The direct transfer of a phosphate group to ADP from another phosphorylates compound)

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9
Q

What are the infolds of the mitochondrias inner membrane called?

A

Crisitae

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10
Q

Why do cristae exist?

A

To increase SA for oxidative phosphorylation, chemiosmosis etc.

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11
Q

What is the space inside the inner membrane of the mitochondria called?

A

Matrix

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12
Q

Where does the link rxn occur?

A

Matrix

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13
Q

Where does the krebs cycle occur?

A

Matrix

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14
Q

What is in the inner membrane?

A

The electron transport chain and ATP synthase

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15
Q

Why is the intermembrane area small?

A

So that the H+ build up quickly, creating the gradient for chemiosmosis quickly.

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16
Q

Describe the DNA of mitochondria

A

It is circular
naked
contains genes for DNA

17
Q

Why is the outer membrane of the mitochondria important?

A

It helps create an ideal condition for aerobic respiration.

18
Q

What type of ribosomes are in mitochondria?

A

70s ribosomes.

19
Q

What features of Mitochondria

A
20
Q

What is the endosymbiotic theory?

A

It hypothesises that eukaryotic cells are of origin from prokaryotic organisms.

21
Q

What evidences of mitochondria support the endosymbiotic theory?

A

Mitochondria has its own DNA
Mitochondria can replicate
Same size as prokaryotic cells
70s ribosomes, like procaryotes
Double membrane- inner membrane would be that of a prokaryote)

22
Q

What is the link reaction?

A

It makes the products of glycolysis usable for the krebs cycle. pyruvate becomes Acetyl CoA .

23
Q

Explain how pyruvate becomes Acetyl CoA in the link reaction.

A

NAD is reduced to NADH
pyruvate is decarboxylized
(CO2 is taken away)
Coenzyme A is added
Acetyl CoA is formed

24
Q

Explain steps in the krebs cycle.

A

CoA is removed. Acetyl
(2C) is combined with a 4C molecule.
It is carboxylized and NAD is reduced, this happens 2x
ADP is phosphorylated, ATP
FAD becomes FADH
NAD becomes NADH

in total, 3 NADH’s are formed
one FADH
2 CO2s are released
1 ATP

25
Q

What happens after the krebs cycle?

A

The products from the krebs cycle enter the ETC.
NADH and FADH2 are full of energy and are passed between electron carrier molecules, releasing energy. This triggers the pumping of H+ ions into the inter-membrane space, quickly creating a proton gradient. The H+ follow their electromagnetic gradient and passively move through the enzyme ATP synthase, via chemiosmosis, triggering oxidative phosphorylation. oxygen is the final H+ receptor and binds with the hydrogens to form water. This reaction releases 32-34 ATP. When joined with he 2 ATP from glycolysis, up to 38 ATP is created.

26
Q

Where does anaerobic respiration occur?

A

in the cytoplasm.

27
Q

WHy is anaerobic respiration important?

A

Because it generated NAD which is needed for glycolysis.

28
Q

What are the products of anaerobic respiration?

A

2 NAD+, CO2, lactic acid, ethanol

29
Q

What are the products of aerobic respiration?

A

Water and CO2.

BIO HL: Photosynthesis and Respiration (2 decks)

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